高三英语语法(十二)虚拟语气一.虚拟语气的类型1、实际意义上的虚拟语气。Theytalkedasiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.2、虚拟语气形式。Theorderwasthatwe(should)staywherewewere.二.实际意义上的虚拟语气1、小小顺口溜虚拟语气并不难,从句时态都提前,主句would加在前,注意动词要还原。(省略if要倒装)e.g.1)IfIwereinyourshoes,Iwouldaccepttheterms.2)Ifwehadleftearlier,wewouldn’thavemissedthetrain.3)IwishIwereascleverasyou2、虚拟语气在条件句中的应用所述情况if从句主句与过去相反if+主语+haddone主语+would/could/might/should+havedone与现在相反if+主语+did(be动词用were)主语+would/could/might/should+do与将来相反①if+主语+did②if+主语+wereto+do③if+主语+should+do主语+would/could/might/shoulddo①此表中需要注意几点:1.be动词在表示与现在事实相反的从句中一般用were。在非正式情况下,第一、第三人称后偶尔也用was。如:Ifhewere/wasyou,hewouldgoatonce.2.主句中的should通常用于第一人称,would,could以及might可以用于各种人称。3.在表示与将来事实相反的条件句中,只能用should,而不能用would,could和might等。如:Ifitshouldraintomorrow,wewouldnotgocamping.(shouldrain也可以用rained,weretorain代替)4、主句和if条件句时态不一致(单独虚拟)。如:Ifhehadreceivedsixmorevotes,hewouldbeourchairmannow.Ifyouwereinbetterhealth,wewouldhaveallowedyoutojointheminthework.②含蓄条件句有时为了表达的需要,在虚拟语气中并不总是出现if引导的条件句,而通过其他手段来替代条件句。1.用介词短语替代条件句。常用介词有with,without,butfor等。如:Wecouldn’thavesucceededwithoutyourhelp(=Ifwehadn’tgotyourhelp).Whatwouldyoudowithamilliondollars?Butfortherain(=Ifithadn’tbeenfortherain),wewouldhavefinishedthework.2.假设的情况又是可以通过上下文或其他方式表现出来。如:1)Hewouldhavegivenyoumorehelp,buthehasbeenill.2)Iwasillthatday.OtherwiseIwouldhavetakenpartintheparade.(ifIhadn’tbeenill,…)★but,otherwise连接的两个并列的分句存在单独虚拟现象,即:一个分句为虚拟句,另一个分句为真实句。3)Itwouldbeamistakenottohelphim.(Itwouldbeamistakeifwedidn’thelphim.)Anyoneinherpositionwouldhavedonethesame.★有些句子相当于一个条件从句,谓语也可用虚拟语气。4)Supposewetoldherthetruth.5)Imagineyourchildplayedtruant.③省略if的情况如果从句中含有系动词、情态动词或助动词(were,had,should或could)时,可省略if,把从句中的were,had或should或could提到其主语前形成倒装结构。如:Hadwemade(=Ifwehadmade)adequatepreparations,wemighthavesucceeded.Wereitnotfortheirassistance,wewouldbeinseriousdifficulty.Shouldtherebeaflood,whatshouldwedo?3、实际意义上虚拟语气在其它从句中的应用(从句时态都提前)①wish后that引导的宾语从句中。如:IwishIwereascleverasyou.Iwishhewouldtryagain.(表示与将来事实相反)②asif(though)引导的表语从句或方式状语从句中。如:Helooksasif/thoughhewereanartist.③wouldrather后的宾语从句中。(wouldrather后不能加that。)从句谓语用一般过去时来表示与现在或将来要做的相反的事情,用过去完成时来表示与过去发生的相反的事情。如:I’dratheryoudidn’tgothere.(与将来相反)I’dratherwehadarestnow.(与现在相反)I’dratheryouhadbeenhereyesterday.(与过去相反)④Ifonly引导的感叹句中。如:IfonlyIwereabird.(我要是只鸟就好了。)三.虚拟语气形式1)复合句中含有suggest,advise,recommend,propose,(建议、安排)demand,require(request),ask,urge,desire,(要求、渴望)insist,order(坚持、命令)等,以及其派生词(如:suggestion,advice…idea)复合句中所含有的名词性从句中的谓语动词要用shoulddo,should可以省略。如:Thedoctorsuggested/insistedthatshe(should)stayinbedforafewdays.Weallagreedtohissuggestionthatwe(should)giveuptheplan.注意:当suggest作“暗示、表明”讲,insist作“坚持说”讲,即坚持事实是怎样时,后边that从句不用虚拟语气。如:Mikeinsistedthathehadneverstolenanything.Thelookonhisfacesuggestedthathewasangry.2)在Itis+形容词(necessary,important,natural,strange,etc.)+that从句中,从句中的谓语动词要用shoulddo,should可以省略。如:It’snecessarythatwe(should)cleantheroomeveryday.3)在Itis/wasapity(ashame,nowonder,etc.)+that从句中,从句中的谓语动词要用shoulddo,should可以省略。如:Itwasapitythatourteamshouldlosethegame.★当然上面2)、3)两类的that从句中也可以不用虚拟语气,而用陈述语气。如:Itisstrangethathedidnotcomeyesterday.Itisapitythatyoucan’tdance.四.某些表祝愿的句子也需要用虚拟语气。1)用原形Longliveworldpeace!Godblessyou!2)由may加动词原形构成Mayyoubehappyallyourlife.