第三周英译汉讲义PartI:翻译技巧——褒贬译法Commendation&derogation1、AboutConcepts•commendation:referringtothosewordsthattendtogiveappraisalorpraisetosb.orsth.orbehavior,etc.•neutrality:referringtothosewordsthathavenodistinctively-positiveor-negativeviewtowardssb.orsth.orabehavior,etc.derogation:referringtothosewordsthattendtocausesth.orsb.toseeminferior,ordetractfromsth.;ortendtoshowahostile,orcriticalattitudetosb.,etc.)die/死neutrality:死亡、过世、亡故、身故、去世、殉难、疾终、故去、没了、老了、不在、作古、长逝、永别、夭折、阵亡、中殇、……commendation:牺牲、就义、舍身、献身、捐躯、殉职、殉国、殉节、仙游、仙逝、千古、马革裹尸、肝脑涂地、杀身成仁、舍生取义、玉殒香消、倩女离魂,……derogation:挺腿、完蛋、毙命、横死、暴毙、暴卒、凶死、丧命、命丧黄泉、一命呜呼、死于非命、登鬼录、玩儿完,……翻译要点:•在翻译中要注意:•a)原文措词本身的语义特征;•b)作者的写作手法/风格;•c)作者的表达意图;•d)原文所描写的人物关系及人物说话的语用意图,等等。CasesDiscussion•王东得到了丽婵的欢心。•WangDonggot/grabbed/obtained/…LiChan’sheart/favor/love.•王东搏得了丽婵的欢心。•WangDongwon/succeededinachievingLiChan’sheart/favor/love.•王东骗取了丽婵的欢心。•WangDongdeceived/stoleawayLiChan’sheart/favor/love.Ifthegovernmentlistenstotheminorgrumblingandwhiningoftheunemployed,itsurelyshouldberesponsivetotheplightoftheaffluent.(ifsomeoneisresponsive,theyreactquicklyandfavorably)如果政府听取了少数失业者抱怨和牢骚的声音,那么陷于苦境的富裕人士定会有更加热烈的反应。点评:1)你们注意到了responsive一词的语义特征,很好,不过还要注意选词的褒贬色彩与运用,如“热烈的”,属于褒义,倾向于指欢迎或支持某个提议,此处宜译为“强烈的反应”(表不满);2)其次是翻译时应注意把握作者的写作风格——口吻:“陷于苦境的富裕人士”不是很贴切,富人纳税幅度低一点还不至于“陷于苦境”,原文plight一词表达作者对富人的一种调侃讽刺口吻。下文就提到“辩解的讽刺”。故可以用双引号括起来保留原来的词义;3)minor似乎不是“少数”之意。修订:若政府连失业者们那些无关紧要的抱怨和牢骚都能听取,当然会更积极地关注富裕人士所身陷的“苦境”。褒贬译法的几种情况褒贬译法之一:褒一、英语中有些词有明显的褒义特征,翻译时应译出褒义特征,包括整句中与此相关的单位:褒贬译法之一:褒例1)Hewasamanofrenown.(fame)•他是位有名望的人士。(他是个……的人)例2)Hetaskscarriedoutbythemarepraiseworthy.•他们进行的事业是值得赞扬的。例3)“Hewaspoliteandalwaysadvisewillingly”,sherecalled.•她会说,“他彬彬有礼,总是诲人不倦。”褒贬译法之一:褒•ZhaoZhongxiangisawell-knownT.V.programmoderatorinChina,particularlynotedforbeinginterpreterofTheAnimalWorld.•赵忠祥是中国赫赫有名的电视节目主持人,尤其以解说“动物世界”节目为人称道。褒贬译法之一:褒•他们在积极巩固战果。•Thewereactivelyconsolidatingtheirvictoriousgains.(sometimesreferringtothingsgrabbed/captured)•Thewereactivelyconsolidatingtheirvictories.褒贬译法之二:贬二、英语中有些词有明显的贬义特征,翻译时应译出贬义特征,也包括整句中与此相关的语言单位:褒贬译法之二:贬•Hisnotorietyasrakedidnotcomeuntilhisdeath.•他作为流氓的恶名是他死后才传开来。•修订:他的流氓行径在他死后才广为人知。•HenrykeepsboastingthathehastalkedtothePresident.•亨利总是吹嘘说他曾同总统谈过话。褒贬译法之三:中性词转褒或贬三、英语中有些词有些词具有中性语义特征,翻译时在一定上下文中宜译出褒义或贬义特征,同样也包括整句中与此相关的语言单位:褒贬译法之三:中性词转褒或贬•Hewasamanofintegrity,butunfortunatelyhehadacertainreputation.Ibelievethereputationwasnotdeserved.•他是位诚实正直的人,但不幸传有某种坏名声。我认为他不该有这个坏名声。•Then,justasChinesefriendsarrivedwhomightsecuremyjourney,theRussianarrestedmeasa“spy”andsentmeoutthroughPoland.•后来,就在那些可能为我安排旅行的中国朋友到达的时候,我国人把我当作“间谍”逮捕,并把我驱逐出境,取道波兰。褒贬译法之三:中性词转褒或贬•Hehadliedtomeandmademethetoolofhiswickeddeeds.•他欺骗了我,并且使我成了他的罪恶勾当的工具。•Asademandingboss,heexpectedtotalroyaltyanddedicationfromhisemployees.•他是个苛刻的老板,要求手下员工对他忠心耿耿,鞠躬尽瘁。褒贬译法之三:中性词转褒或贬•Thosewhodonotrememberthepastarecondemnedtoreliveit.•凡是忘记过去的人,注定要重蹈覆辙。中性词义转译贬义——表现人物语气•Wife:“I’mafraidthatyoumayinvitetheratsfromallovertheworldtognawyourbone.”•妻子说:“恐怕你会把全世界的老鼠引来啃你的骨头。”•老伴说:“就怕你会把全世界的老鼠招来啃你那把老骨头。”Practice:TranslatethefollowingpairofEnglishsentencesintoChinesewiththeabovesaidpointsinvolvingcommendationandderogation1a)Itwasmid-AugustandthesubjectofdiscussionoftheAllieswasthefutureofRommelandhisAfricaCorps.1b)Theypredictedthattheyouthwouldhaveabrightfuture.2a)Johnwasanaggressivesalesmanwhodidhisjobquitewell.2b)Billwasanaggressivemanandhadveryfewfriends.3a)Hanswastooobviouslyflatteringthemanagerbysayinghewasthemostresponsiblepersonhehadeverseen.3b)Mr.Brownfeltgreatlyflatteredwhenhereceivedtheinvitationtodeliveralecture.TheoreticalNotions翻译的心理过程中译者的思维特征形象思维(包括性格特征等)+情景思维+情感思维表达上的语言重构人物的性格特征关联性思维•“Butoh,Mr.Osborne,whatadifferenceeighteenmonths’experiencemakes.”(Thackeray:VanityFair)(backgroundinformation:Animpulsiveorheadstronggirlismoderatedalot.)奥斯本先生,你不知道这一年半里我学了多少乖。(杨必译)“不过,奥斯本先生,你可知道我这一年半里学乖了多少喔。”人物+情景+关系特征思维•SheisjustasrichasmostofthegirlswhocomeouttoIndia.Imightgofartherandfareworse,egad!(fare:proceed;geton;egad(s):ohGod的委婉语:天哪!哦哊!)•跟那些出国到印度去的女孩子比一比,她不见得穷到哪儿去。说不定我左等右等,反而挑着个不如她的。(杨必译)人物情景+关系特征思维•“ByJove,shehastaste!”exclaimedHenryLynn.(JaneEyre)•(背景信息:指由男主人公罗切斯特化装的算命的老太婆不给男子算命,只给年轻姑娘算命)•“嗬,她还挑肥捡瘦呢!”亨利∙利恩嚷道。(祝庆英译)情景+情感+逻辑+语言重构•ConsequentlyMr.Micawberwassoonsoovercome,thathemingledhistearswithhersandmine;…(Dickens:DavidCopperfield)•??结果,密考伯先生不久就伤感的把他的眼泪同她的和我的混合起来了;……(董秋斯译)•结果是,一会儿密考伯先生也受不住了,和她和我,眼泪对流起来;……(张谷若译)修订:结果是,一会儿密考伯先生也忍受不住了,和她和我一起,眼泪对流起来;……情景再现+语篇连贯•Oneevening,Ihadjustarrivedatmyhomeairportandwaswaitingoutsideinthetwilightformywifetopickmeup.Iwatchedtwoyoungbusinessmenwithmountingfascination.Eachspokeonindependentcell-phoneswithgreatenergyandatenormouslengthtosomebodysomewhere(butnot,Ithink,toeachother).Astheydidso,theywalkedwithoutceasingincircles,roundandround,firstonewaythenanother,makingfigureeightsoneminute,zeroesthenest,threesandsixes,twosand20s.Itseamedtobeamobile-phonesoftshoeshuffle.Anditwasasiftheywereperformingsomecomplexlychoreographedopen-airritual.•(choreographv:designandarrangestepsanddancesforballet,etc.•shuffle:walkingwithoutliftingfeetcompleteclearoftheground)