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定语从句1InformationcondensedintheattributivemodifierAsEnglishisanoun-dominatedlanguage,thenounphrasehasahighfrequencyinusage.Mostnounphrasescontainnounswiththeirattributivemodifiers,whichcanbewords,phrasesorclauses.Themeaningoftheattributivemodifierhasbeengreatlyenlargedtocontainvariouspossibilitiesorvariouslogicalrelationsbetweenthemodifierandthecentralword,someofwhichcanhardlybeexpressedinChinesethroughthe“attributive+themodified“structure.•Examples:•1)warmweather:weatheroffairlyhightemperature暖和的天气•warmclothes:clothesthatwillkeepapersonwarm保暖的衣服•2）agraphicaccount:anaccountthatisvividandfullofdetails生动的描述•agraphicwriter:awriterwhosewritingsaregraphic文笔生动的作家•Wecanseetheattributivemodifiersinthefirstoneofthesepairsaremodifiersintherealsense,butalltherestobviouslyimplymuchmoreloadedmeaningsandcanbe•Consideredasshortorcondensedforms(withsomethingomitted).•Nowstudythefollowingtranslationandseehowtheattributivemodifiersaretranslatedaccordingtotheirsemanticrelationswiththemodified.•1)Ascause•(1)Therewasanamazedsilence.SlowlyAlexanderturnedaway.•人们一阵惊讶，默不作声，亚历山大慢慢转过身走了。•2)Aspurpose•(1)Thatisthespeechhemadeattheappreciationbanquet.•这是他在答谢宴会上的讲话。•(2)Hissupervisorwasprobablyalreadypacingupanddownwithadismissalspeechrehearsed.•他的上司大概在一边踱步，一边构思着用什么话解雇他。•3）Asresult•(1)Mikeleapedtohisfeet,movingwithsurprisingagility.•迈克纵身跳了起来，动作敏捷的叫人感到吃惊。•（2）HehadtheterrifyingfeelingthatifheletMikego,hewouldbelost.•他知道要是放走了迈克，他会茫然不知所措。想到这一点他心里很害怕。•（3）Thereefsloomedinfrontofthemwithstartlingclarity.•暗礁在他们面前慢慢露出了水面，清清楚楚，让人惊骇。•4）Ofparallelmeaning•(1)AliceandMarystoodinquietsorrwoforsometime.•爱丽丝和玛丽伤心的站着，好一阵子谁也没有说话。•Veryoftenattributivesaretranslatedintoadverbials:•1Shewantedtofindalonelyplacetoshedprivatetears.•她想找个没人的地方，自己一个人哭一场。•2Wewentourseparatewayshomefromthetheatre.•我们从戏院出来就各自回家。•ThereisasayinginEnglish:Adjectivesareenemiesofnouns.Thisdoesnotmeanadjectivesareuseless,itisonlythattheyshouldbeusedwhennecessary.Iftheadjective(attributivemodifier)doesnotofferanyadditionalinformationthatisnotcontainedinthemodified,suchanadjectivewouldberedundantandshouldbeleftout,suchastheattributivemodifiersintruefacts,anacutecrisis.Weoftenhearsayingslike极其疯狂etc.Inmostcases,suchmodifiersshouldbeleftoutwhentranslatedintoEnglish.•不切实际的幻想•Unrealisticfancies/impracticalillusions•毫无根据的捏造•Groundlesslies•残酷的迫害•Cruelpersecution•偶然的巧合•Accidentalcoincidence•正面引导•Positiveguidance•免费的礼物•Afreegift•二Theattributiveclause•Theattributiveclause,whichdoesnotoftenfunctionastheattributivesbutInmostcasesofferssomeadditionalinformation,especiallyseenfromthesemanticview-hasaveryhighfrequencyinbothspokenandwrittenEnglish.•1)ThisistheratthatatethemaltthatlayinthehousethatJackbuilt.•这就是那只吃了放在杰克造的屋子里的麦芽的耗子。•2）ThedoctorexaminedtheratthatcarriedthefleathatharboredthegermthatinfectedthepoorIndian.•大夫检查了那只耗子，耗子身上寄生有跳蚤，跳蚤身上则寄生有细菌，这种细菌使那个可怜的印第安人染上了病。•大夫检查了那只寄生有跳蚤的耗子，是跳蚤身上的细菌使得那个可怜的印第安人得病的。•AsthereisnorelativeclauseinChinese,itisnecessarysometimesto“breakup“theoriginalsentencestructureandmakere-arrangement.Thisagaintellsustranslationisakindofre-creation.•英语定语从句的汉译主要有以下四种技巧。•一.译成前置定语•英语定语从句可以翻译成汉语带“的”字的定语词组，置于被修饰词之前，将原文的主从复合句译成汉语的简单句。这种方法一般用语比较短的限制性定语从句和一些不长的描述性非限制性定语从句。•Beforecollege,theonlypeopleIhadeverknownwhowereinterestedinartormusicorliterature,theonlyoneswhoreadbookswerethemothersanddaughters.•上大学前，我所认识的对艺术，音乐或文学感兴趣的人，爱读书的人，统统都是做母亲和做女儿的。•Santayanadescribedleisureas“beingathomeamongmanageablethings”,andifhewasrightwewhoarethechore-doersoftheworldarethetrueleisureclasses.•Santayana把有线说成“能在家中做些容易完成的事。”如果当真如他所言，那我们这些常坐家务的人就是真正的有闲阶级了。•二译成并列结构•如果定语从句比较长，起的是对先行项加以描述或补充说明的作用，可译为主句的并列分句。这种并列分句又可以分为重复先行词和省略先行词。Ⅰ重复先行词•JohncalledMike,whodidnotanswerhiscellphone.•约翰给迈克打电话，迈克没有接。•WhenItrytounderstandwhatitisthatpreventssomanyAmericansfrombeingashappyasonemightexpect,itseemstomethattherearetwocauses,ofwhichonegoesmuchdeeperthantheother.•我想弄清楚为什么那么多美国人不像人们料想的那样快乐，觉得似乎有两个原因，其中一个比另一个深刻得多。•HewasborninGermanyin1829,andduringtheEuropeanpoliticalturmoilof1848decidedtotakehischancesinNewYork,towhichhistwobrothersalreadyhademigrated.•他于1829年出生于德国，1848年欧洲政治动荡期间，决定去纽约碰碰运气，他的两个哥哥已经移民去了那里。•Ⅱ省略先行词•有时候，如果逻辑语义不点自明的话，译文可以省去先行词。•AllheneedsIsaplaceoffthegroundthatcanmakehimmasterandcommanderofalittlepieceofsky.•他所需要的只是离开地面的一个场所，能使他成为一小块天空的主人和指挥官。•三译成合成独立句•把原文主句中的先行词和定语从句融合在一起，多用于翻译限制性定语从句。•Thereissomethingthattheylongtodoorsomepublicobjectthattheylongtoworkfor.•他们希望有点事情可做，希望为某项公共事业做点贡献。•IhavesomethingimportantthatIwanttotellthemanagerhimself.•我有件重要的事情要告诉经理本人。•Scarcelyanadventureorcharacterisgiveninthisworksthatmaynotbetracedtohisownparty-coloredstory.•他的作品中几乎没有一桩事件或一个人物不是取材于他一生丰富多彩的生活经历。•四译成状语•英语中有些定语从句从语法角度看是定语，但在意义上与主句有逻辑状语关系，表明时间，原因，结果，条件，目的，让步等。翻译时，首先要判断主从句之间的逻辑关系，然后再讲定语从句翻译成相应的分句。•1）Mypublishers,withwhomIhaveexcellentrelations,alwaysgivemynewbookswidepublicity.•由于我和出版商关系很好，他们总是为我的新书广作宣传。•2）Thecurrent,whichisveryrapid,makestheriverdangerous.•由于水流很急，这条河很危险。•（adverbialsofcause)•Thethief,whowasabouttoescape,wascaughtbythepolicemen.•小偷正要逃跑时，被警察抓住了。•（adverbialsoftime)•Assheturnedthecornershehadanewideawhichmadeherstopat