新闻报道与写作6

Chapter6StoryStructurePreview•Planningprecedeswriting.Eachsentence,everyparagraphispurposelyplaced.Evenwhilereporting,reporterstrytovisualizetheshapeandcontentoftheirstories.•计划先于写作。记者将新闻报道视为一个有组织的整体。即便是正在进行报道时，记者也要努力考虑到他们报道的形态和内容。Preview•Mostnewsstorieshavealinearstructure:•多数新闻报道具有一种线性结构：•Thebeginningincludesasummaryofthemostimportantmaterial.•开头包括对最重要材料的概括。它告诉读者报道里将有什么内容。•Theremainderofthestoryamplifies,buttresses,givesexamplesandexplainsthebeginning.Italsocontainsbackgroundandsecondarymaterial.•报道的余下部分——主体——对开头起详述、支持、举例和解释的作用。它还包括背景和次要材料。•Thenewsstoryformorstructureissimple:•大多数报道采用如下结构：•Thelead.导语•Thematerialthatexplainsandamplifiesthelead.•解释和详述导语材料。•Thenecessarybackground.•必要的背景。•Thesecondaryorlessimportantmaterial.•次要的或重要性程度较轻的材料。6.1TheMainIdea中心思想•AsanessaybyEdwardEverettHaleintheFifthReader,agradeschooltextbookofthe1880s,putsit,“Inlearningtowrite,ourfirstruleis:‘Knowwhatyouwanttosay.’”Halehadasecondrule:“Sayit.Thatis,donotbeginbysayingsomethingelsewhichyouthinkwillleaduptowhatyouwanttosay.”•正如一本19世纪80年代的小学课本《第五位读者》中爱德华·埃弗里特·黑尔缩写的一篇随笔所言：“关于学习写作，我们的第一条规则是‘知道你想说什么’。”第二条规则：“把它说出来。换言之，开头不要用你认为会引出所想说的别的话的内容。”•Writersaskthemselvesbeforewritingis,“WhatamItryingtosay?”Thenextstepistofindtheappropriateformorstructureforwhatyouwanttosay.6.2TheStructure结构•在好几代大学生使用的《风格的要素》(TheElementsofStyle)这本书中，作者是这样撰写关于写作那一节开头的：“选择一个合适的构思，然后把握住它。构思基本结构是每一种写作方式的基础……所以，作文的首要原则是，预见或决定文章接下去是什么形态，并且贯彻这种形态。6.3EightStepstotheOrganizedStory组织报道八步骤①Identifythefocusormainideafromnotes.从笔记中找出报道焦点或中心思想。②Locatethematerialthatsupports,explains,amplifiesthemainidea.找出支撑、解释、扩展中心思想的材料。③Organizethesecondarymaterialinorderofimportance.根据重要性的顺序组织次要材料。④Asyouwrite,makesuretheseparateelementsarelinkedwithtransitions.开始写作，注意报道各部分之间的自然过渡。6.3EightStepstotheOrganizedStory组织报道八步骤⑤Readthecompletedcopytomakesureyouhavebuttressed,documentedexplainedtheleadhighinthestory.阅读成稿，以确保你已经高度地支撑、证明、解释了报道中的导语。⑥Readthecompletedcopyforaccuracy,brevity,clarity.阅读成稿，考察准确性、简洁性、清晰性。⑦Readthecompletedcopyforgrammar,style,wordusage.阅读成稿，考察语法、体例、用词。⑧Ifsteps5through7indicatedproblems–andtheyusuallydoturnup–rewrite.如果步骤5至7显示了问题——而且它们时长发生——那就重写。Practice1•JackFuller,2,6519PineSt.•Ridingasleddownanicyhill•Withhisgrandfather,JohnFuller,52•InfrontoftheFullerhome•Hitatreewhengrandfather•Lostcontrolofsled•Jackwaspinnedbetween•Betweentreeandthesled•Sufferedfatalinjuries•Grandfatherinseriouscondition•AtSt.Mary’sHospital•(Sources:PolicemanDavidGorcyca,hospitalspokesperson)•JackFuller,2,6519PineSt.WHO•RidingasleddownanicyhillWHAT•Withhisgrandfather,JohnFuller,52WHO•InfrontoftheFullerhomeWHERE•Hitatreewhengrandfather•LostcontrolofsledWHY•Jackwaspinnedbetween•Betweentreeandthesled•SufferedfatalinjuriesWHAT•Grandfatherinseriouscondition•AtSt.Mary’sHospital•(Sources:PolicemanDavidGorcyca,hospitalspokesperson)Practice2•TimonCobb,66,728LomaxSt.•WorkingonhisLincolnMarkIV•Ingarageathishome•Usedbumperjacktoliftcar•Offtheground•Jackapparentlydislodged•Carfellonhim,crushinghim•Familymembersfoundhim•Whenthearrivedto•Takehimtochurchabout7p.m.•Police,firedepartment•Emergencymedicalservice•Personnelarrivedand•Removedthevehicleoff•Cobbwhowaspronounced•Deadatthescene•(Source:Citypolicereport)6.4TheSingle-ElementStory单一元素报道•Astorythatconsistsofoneimportantactionorisbasedononemajorfactorideaisasingle-elementstory.Alsoknownasthesingle-incidentstory,itisprobablythestoryformmostoftenused.•单一元素是以一个重要行动为中心，或以一个重要事实或思想为基础的报道。也被称为单一事件报道，通常由初出茅庐的记者来处理。6.4TheSingle-ElementStory单一元素报道•Thestoryrequires:这种报道需要：①Lead.导语②Explanatoryandamplifyingmaterial.•解释性和详述性材料。③Background(ifnecessary).•背景（如有必要）。④Secondarymaterial(ifany).•次要材料（如果有的话）。6.4TheSingle-ElementStory单一元素报道•注意：Forbroadcastandonlinestories,thebackgroundandsecondarymaterialmaybeignoredormentionedbriefly.•广播电视报道和在线报道中，背景和次要材料可能会被忽略或只是简单提到。•ExampleP.1236.5Two-ElementStory双元素报道•TheCombinationDevelopment•Lead:Summaryoftwo-leadfeatures•Detailscommontoallfeatures（ifnecessary)•Detailsoffirstleadfeature•Detailsofsecondleadfeature•……•ExampleP.1246.6Three-ElementStory三元素报道•ExampleP.125•Multiple-CasualtyStoryDevelopment多重灾难报道•Summarylead•Thedead•Theinjured•Summaryofotherfeaturesordetailsonlead•eg.JoseChavez,31,hiswife,Rose,29,andtheirsix-month-oldson,Luis,weretrappedinanupstairsbedroomandunabletoescape.•eg.Theyare:MichaelConnely,companypresidentThomasLewis,vicepresidentforsales……6.7StoryUnits报道单元•Inorganizingtheirstories,newswritersmovefromonethemetoanotherintheorderoftheimportanceofthesubjectsorthemes.Theleadiselaboratedfirst,andthenthenext-most-importantthemeisstatedandthenelaboratedandexplained.Theruleis:Puteverythingaboutthesamesubjectinthesameplace.•在组织其报道时，新闻撰稿人按照重要程度从一个主题转到另一个主题。首先是展开导语，然后陈述次重要的主题，接下来加以展开和解释。经验法则是：将关于同一主题的所有内容放在一处。6.8TheInvertedPyramid倒金字塔•Rememberthatalltheinvertedpyramidmeansisthatthemostimportantmaterialisusuallyplacedatthebeginningofthestoryandthelessimportantmaterialisplacedattheend.•记住：倒金字塔结构的意义在于，最重要的材料通常要放在报道开头，较不重要的素材放在最后。•Thenewsstorytakesitsshapefromtherequirementsandlimitationsofthecraftasmeasuredbytheclock–asilentbutoverwhelm