第1页共2页牛津英语8BUnit3语法讲义:被动语态一、主动语态与被动语态的概念:英语动词的语态有两种:⑴主动语态:表示主语是动作的执行者⑵被动语态:表示主语是动作的承受者(常常没在有必要指出动作的执行者情况下使用)例:TheyspeakEnglish.(主动语态)主谓宾Englishisspokenbythem.(被动语态)主谓介词短语注:☆及物动词有被动语态,不及物动词必须带有介词才可以有被动语态。例:⑴Welistentotheteachercarefullyinclass.主谓宾→Theteacherislistenedtobyuscarefullyinclass.主谓介词短语⑵Welaughedathim.→Hewaslaughedatbyus.二、被动语态的结构与用法:㈠结构:be+done(过去分词)被动语态中的be为助动词,无意义。be可能是am,is,are也可能是was,were或原形be。注:☆被动语态的时态是由be的时态决定的,be是什么时态,全句就是什么时态,be后面的过去分词不变。㈡用法:例:①Historyismadebythepeople.(一般现在时)②ThecarsweremadeinTianjingin1995.(一般过去时)③Thetreewillbecutdownnextyear.(一般将来时)④Theroommustbekeptclean.(含有情态动词的被动语态)⑤Thedoorisbeingopened.(现在进行时)⑥Thefilmhasbeenseenbyme.(现在完成时)注:我们初中主要掌握前面四种的用法时态动词的被动形式例句一般现在时isdoneHeisaskedtodothis.一般过去时wasdoneThestorywastoldbyhermother.一般将来时willbedoneTheproblemwillbediscussedtomorrow.现在进行时isbeingdoneThenovelisbeingwritten.过去进行时wasbeingdoneAtthattimethedeskwasbeingmade.现在完成时hasbeendoneThehousehasbeenbuilt.过去完成时hadbeendoneTheysaidthattheirworkhadbeenfinished.过去将来时wouldbedoneHesaidthetreeswouldbeplantedsoon.三、被动语态的各种句型:1、Thesongislikedbyyoungpeople.(肯定句)2、Thesongisn’tlikedbyyoungpeople(否定句)3、Isthesonglikedbyyoungpeople?(一般疑问句)4、Whoisthesonglikedby?=Bywhomisthesongliked?(特殊疑问句)四、主动语态改被动语态的方法:方法分为三步:⑴把原句中的宾语改成主语⑵动词改为变动形式bedone(同时注意时态)⑶原来的主语如果需要的话放在介词by后面,以指明做事的人或物,如果没有必要则省去第2页共2页例:Themankilledatiger.→Atigerwaskilledbytheman.(改的过程中要注意时态和语态两个方面)五、特殊句型的被动语态:⑴含有使役动词(make/let/have)或感官动词(hear,see,listento,lookat,find,watch,feel等)的句子,在主动语态中这些词后常跟不带to的动词不定式,但是在改成被动语态时,则一定要把省去的to再加上去,另外help这一个词在主动语态中后面的动词不定式可以带to,也可不带to,但在被动语态中也必须把to加上去。例:①Motheroftenmakesmedosomehousework.→Iamoftenmadetodosomehouseworkbymother.②Wesawhimrunintotheclassroom.→Hewasseentorunintotheclassroombyus.⑵teach,give,pass,show,buy,tell等动词常常带有两个宾语(双宾语:直接宾语和间接宾语),改为被动语态时,两个宾语可以选其中任一个作主语。如果直接宾语被提前作主语,那么间接宾语(一般是人)前要加相应的介词to/for。例:①Shegavemeapen.=Shegaveapentome.→Iwasgivenapenbyher.→Apenwasgiventomebyher.②Myfatherboughtmeanewbike.=Myfatherboughtanewbikeforme.→Iwasboughtanewbikebymyfather.→Anewbikewasboughtformebymyfather.⑶由不及物动词(vi)+介词/副词+宾语的句子改成被动语态时,介词或副词不能丢掉。(前面已举过两例)例:①Weshouldspeaktooldpeoplepolitely.→Oldpeopleshouldbespokentopolitely(byus).②Hetookawaythebox..→Theboxwastakenawaybyhim.⑷含有宾语补足语的句子改为变动语态。(宾补放在原来位置不变)例:①WecallhimXiaoMa.主谓宾宾补→HeiscalledXiaoMabyus.②Hefoundthebookveryinteresting.→Thebookwasfoundveryinterestingbyhim.六、没有被动语态的动词:1.没有被动语态的词,表示状态或特征的及物动词如cost,fit,have,suit等没有被动形式,另外,诸如happen=takeplace,breakout(爆发),breakdown(坏了)等不及物动词或短语以及诸如resultfrom(缘于),belongto,consistof等只用主动语态,而不用被动语态2不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态:appear,die,disappear,end(vi.结束),fail,last,lie,remain,sit,spread(传播),stand,cometrue,fallasleep,...3.大多数系动词:be,feel(摸起来),sound(听起来),look(看起来),smell(闻起来)taste(尝起来)等词无被动语态,它们的主动形式表示被动意义。例:①Theskirtfeelsverysoft.这件裙子摸起来很柔软。②Manychangeshavehappenedinourhometown.③Thefilmlastedfor3hours.