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1.TheXiaDynasty(2070B.C.-1600B.C.)•AsthefirstslavedynastyinChinesehistory,theXiaDynastybeganwiththereignofQi,thesonoftheGreatYu,andendedwiththefallofJie.Qiestablishedthesystemofhereditarydynasticrule.ABriefHistoryofAncientChina2.TheShangDynasty(1600B.C.-1046B.C.)•TheShangDynastyisthesecondslavedynastyinChinesehistory.WithitsfirstcapitalestablishedinBo亳,theShangmoveditscenterofactivitiesseveraltimes,finallysettlinginYin殷(present-dayXiaotuninAnyangCounty,HenanProvince)underthekingofPanGeng盘庚.Hence,theShangDynastyisalsocalledtheYinDynasty.•Thereweremainlyagriculture,huntingandanimalhusbandryastheeconomicformsinShangdynasty.2.TheShangDynasty(1600B.C.-1046B.C.)•Twoimportanteventsoftheperiod:•Highdevelopmentofbronzetechniques•TheinscriptionsonoraclebonesandtortoiseshellswhichwerethebeginningoftheChinesewrittenlanguage3.TheZhouDynasty(1046B.C.-256B.C.)TheWesternZhou•TheZhouDynastyistraditionallydividedintotwoperiods:theWesternZhou(1046B.C.-771B.C.),theEasternZhouwhichisfurtherdividedintotheSpringandAutumnPeriod(770B.C.-476B.C.)andtheWarringStatesPeriod(475B.C.-256B.C.).•TheZhouDynastyreignedover800yearsandwasthelongest-rulingdynastyinChinesehistory.•TheZhouwitnessedtheevolutionoftheChinesesocietyfromaslavesystemtoafeudalone.•Itwasespeciallynotedforitsbrilliantachievementsinculture.3.TheZhouDynasty(1046B.C.-256B.C.)TheSpringandAutumnandWarringStatesperiods•HundredSchoolsofThoughtwerephilosophersandschoolsthatflourishedfrom770to221BCduringtheSpringandAutumnperiodandtheWarringStatesperiod,aneraofgreatculturalandintellectualexpansioninChina.Eventhoughthisperiodwasfraughtwithchaosandbloodybattles,itisalsoknownastheGoldenAgeofChinesephilosophybecauseabroadrangeofthoughtsandideasweredevelopedanddiscussedfreely.Confucianism儒家Confucius,Mencius,Xunzi.Taoism道家Laozi,Zhuangzi.Legalism法家HanFeizi,LiKui,ShangYang.Mohism墨家MoziSchoolofYin-yang阴阳家ZouYanLogicians名家HuiShi,GongsunLong.SchoolofDiplomacy纵横家ZhangYi,SuQin.MiscellaneousSchool杂家LüBuweiAgriculturalists农家XuXingSchooloftheMilitary兵家SunWu,SunBin.Schoolof“Minor-talks”小说家Non-famouspeopleonthestreet4.TheQinDynasty(221B.C.-206B.C.)•In221BC,QinconqueredtheotherwarringstatesandunifiedChinaforthefirsttime.Aruler,theFirstEmperor,orQinEmperorShihuang,wasnamedincitingthelongemperortraditioninChina.•TheQinDynastyisthefirstcentralized,unified,multi-ethnicfeudalstateinChinesehistory.4.TheQinDynasty(221B.C.-206B.C.)•ThewrittenlanguagewassimplifiedandmadeuniformPrimeministerLiSi李斯standardizedthewritingsystemtobeofuniformsizeandshapeacrossthewholecountry.ThiswouldhaveaunificationeffectontheChinesecultureforthousandsofyears.Heisalsocreditedwithcreatingthelesser-seal(小篆)styleofcalligraphy,whichservesasabasisformodernChineseandisstillusedincards,posters,andadvertising.•Theweights,measuresandcoinagewerestandardized.•TerracottaarmyoftheQinDynasty•Asadefenseagainstthenorthernnomads,hundredsandthousandsofpeasantswereconscriptedtojoinupandextendthewallsoftheformernorthernstatesintothe5,000-kilometer-longGreatWallofChina.5.TheHanDynasty(206B.C.-220A.D.)•TheHanDynasty,withitscapitalatChang’an,wasfoundedin206B.C.byLiuBang.TheethnicmajorityofChinesestillcallthemselvesasthe“Hanpeople”.5.TheHanDynasty(206B.C.-220A.D.)•SimaQian(ca.145or135BC–86BC)wasaPrefectoftheGrandScribes(太史公)oftheHanDynasty.HeisregardedasthefatherofChinesehistoriographyforhishighlypraisedwork,RecordsoftheGrandHistorian(ShijiorHistoricalRecords),aJizhuanti-stylegeneralhistoryofChina,coveringmorethantwothousandyearsfromtheYellowEmperortoEmperorWuofHan.HisdefinitiveworklaidthefoundationforlaterChinesehistoriography.5.TheHanDynasty(206B.C.-220A.D.)•TheSilkRoadwasageneralnamefortheancientstrategictransportationchannelwhichstartedfromChinaandpassedthroughCentralAsia,WestAsia,AfricaandEurope.Itisnotonlyanimportantrouteconnectingtheancientworld,butalsoasynonymforeconomicandculturalexchangesbetweentheWesternworldandtheorientalworld.6.ThreeKingdoms(220-280),Jin(265-420),SouthernandNorthernDynasty(420-589)•ThecollapseoftheHandynastywasfollowedbyalongperiodofdisunityandcivilwar.ThefirstperiodwastheThreeKingdoms:WeiinnorthernChina,Shuinthewest,andWuintheeast.•DuringtheThreeKingdomsPeriod,thesocialpolitics,economyanddiplomacyallachieveditsuniquestyle,andthereemergedagreatnumberofoutstandingstatesmenandgenerals,theforemostofwhomwereCaoCaoandZhugeLiang.CaoandZhugedemonstratedtheirspecialabilitynotonlyinmilitaryandpoliticalaffairsbutalsoinliterature.6.ThreeKingdoms(220-280),Jin(265-420),SouthernandNorthernDynasty(420-589)•TheJindynastyhistoricallyfellintotwoperiods:theWesternJin(265-317)andtheEasternJin(317-420).Jindidnotlastlongwithalotofconfrontationsandconflicts.•WangXizhi(303–361)wasaChinesecalligrapher,traditionallyreferredtoastheSageofCalligraphy,wholivedduringtheJinDynasty.HeisconsideredtobeoneofthemostesteemedChinesecalligraphersofalltimeandamasterofallformsofChinesecalligraphy,especiallytherunningscript行书.Hismostfamouswork--thePrefacetothePoemsComposedattheOrchidPavilion《兰亭集序》•GuKaizhi(344-406)wasanoutstandingpainterintheEasternJinDynasty.Heiscal