英语四级语法总结

1四级语法讲义一：时态：所谓的时态，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表：1．主动形式2．被动形式CET-4常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。时间状语从句当中的时态：一般过去时所有的过去用一般现在时表示现在和将来现在完成时现在完成和将来完成一．非谓语动词一．不定式：一）不定式的常考形式：1)一般形式：Hedecidedtoworkharderinordertocatchupwiththeothers.被动形式:Hepreferredtobeassignedsomeheavierworktodo.语法功能：表示与谓语动词同步发生2)完成形式：Hepretendednottohaveseenme.被动形式：Thebookissaidtohavebeentranslatedintomanylanguages.语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前二）不定式常考的考点：1）不定式做定语----将要发生2）不定式做状语----目的3）不定式充当名词功能---Toseeistobelieve.三)不定式的省略1)感官动词see,watch,observe,notice,lookat,hear,listento,smell,taste,feel+do表示动作的完整性，真实性；+doing表示动作的连续性，进行性过去现在将来过去将来一般diddowill/shalldoshould/woulddo进行was/weredoingam/is/aredoingwill/shallbedoing/完成haddonehave/hasdonewill/shallhavedoneshould/wouldhavedone用于虚拟语气完成进行hadbeendoinghave/hasbeendoing//过去现在将来过去将来一般was/weregivenam/is/aregivenwill/shallbegivenshould/wouldbegiven进行was/werebeinggivenam/is/arebeinggiven//完成hadbeengivenhave/hasbeengivenwill/shallhavebeengivenshould/wouldhavebeengiven完成进行///2Isawhimworkinthegardenyesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调我看见了这个事实)Isawhimworkinginthegardenyesterday.昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调我见他正干活这个动作）感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：Thecaketastesgood;Itfeelscomfortable.2)使役动词havebidmakelet等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原toI‘dliketohaveJohndoit.Ihavemypackageweighed.Pauldoesn’thavetobemadetolearn.3)helphelpsbdohelpsbtodohelpdohelptodo四)有些动词后只跟不定式如：want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan，offer，decide，agree，expectallowsbtodo,causesbtodo,permitsbtodo,enablesbtodoforcesbtodo.bemorelikelytodolovetodowarnsbtodobeabletodobeambitioustodo.begintodo.starttodo五)有的时候to后面要接-ing形式accustom(oneself)to;beaccustomedto;faceupto;inadditionto;lookforwardto;objectto;bereducedto;resignoneselfto;beresignedto;resortto;sinkto;beusedto;bealternativeto;beclose/closenessto;bededication/dedicatedto;beopposition/opposedto;besimilarity/similarto.三、need/want后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。其中，want不太常用。Heneeds(alotof)encouraging.二.动名词：具有动作性特征的名词1)是名词seeingisbelieving2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语starvingtroopsisnecessary.一)动名词的形式:一般形式：Idon'tlikeyousmoking.完成形式：Iregretnothavingtakenyouradvice.被动形式：Thisquestionisfarfrombeingsettled.二)动名词常考的点1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语.Iwouldappreciate_______backthisafternoon．A．youtocallB．youcallC．youcallingD．you'recalling（Key：Cyourcalling也对）Iregretnothavingtakenyouradvice.4)有些词后只能接动名词admit;appreciate;avoid;celebrate;consider;contemplate;defer;delay;deny;detest;discontinue;dislike;dispute;enjoy;itentails;escape;excuse;explain;fancy;feellike;finish;forgive;can'thelp;hinder;imagine;itinvolves;keep;itmeans;mention;mind;miss;itnecessitates;pardon;postpone;practice;prevent;recall;report;resent;resist;risk;suggest;understand...另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法：it'snogood;it'sno/little/hardlyany/use;it'snot/hardly/scarcelyuse;it'sworthwhile;spendmoney/time;there'sno;there'snopointin;there'snothingworsethan;what'stheuse/point...5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可remember,forget,try,stop,goon,cease,mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意义截然不容。Irememberedtoposttheletters.(指未来/过去未来的动作)Irememberedposting/havingpostingtheletters(我记得这个动作)forgot与remember的用法类似。Iregrettoinformyouthat…我很遗憾地通知你…Iregrettedhavingleftthefirmaftertwentyyears.为了二十年前的离开而遗憾。3tryto努力Youreallymusttrytoovercomeyourshyness.try–ing试验Trypracticingfivehoursaday.Imeantogo,butmyfatherwouldnotallowmeto.[打算、想]我想去，但我父亲不让我去。Toraisewagemeansincreasingpurchasingpower.[意味着]赠加工资意味着增加购买力。prefer的用法：我宁愿在这里等。Iprefertowaithere.（所以啊，你不介意的话，我就等下去。）Ipreferwaitinghere.（我正在这里等，我就喜欢这么做。）Ipreferswimmingtocycling.（这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。）3分词：现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态现在分词的形式:1)一般式:Doyouseethemantalkingtothedean（主任）?(与谓语动词同步发生)2)完成形式：Nothavingmadeadequatepreparations,theyfailed.(发生谓语动词之前)3)完成被动形式：Havingbeenadapted,thescriptseemsperfect.(发生谓语动词之前且表示被动)过去分词1)过去分词表示被动：Fightnobattleunprepared.2)过去分词的进行形式：You'llfindthetopicbeingdiscussedeverywhere.(强调正在被做)这三种非谓语动词，都可以构成复合结构，非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们之间的一致关系——主动还是被动，往往就是考点。独立主格结构中，要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之间的主动被动的关系。二：虚拟三：虚拟语气情态动词所表达的可能性程度：must/can'tshould/shouldn'tmight/may(not)另外两个类情态词的形式：need/needn't;haveto/don'thaveto最自然的虚拟状态：由should/would+原型时态（不含时间只含状态）本质上是过去将来时：即，时间固定在过去将来，状态不同：一般、进行、完成、完成进行。这时虚拟语气的产生往往是因为我们要表达本来应该……（而现在却还没有……）（本来可以……，本来能……）Ishouldgo!(…butI'mstillhere!)(一般)Ishouldbeworkingnow!(进行)Ishouldhavepracticedmore(thanIdid)!(完成)我应该多多练习！（言下之意，现在我练习得不多。）Ishouldn'tdreamawaymytimetoomuch!(完成的否定)(actuallyIdiddreamawaymytimetoomuch!)Itshouldn'thavebeenleakingforsuchalongtime!(完成进行)Imay/might/couldhavefinished!(完成)一些常见的句型中，就会出现这种虚拟语气，而处于从句之中，should常常被省略掉osuggest,advise,propose,recommend,plan;odemand,order,direct,arrange,command,decide;orequire,request;othink,expect,believe,insist,suspect.由于他们的含义中包含建议，假设，应该这类的含义，所以，由他们引起的从句中，就会包含有should+原型时态构成的虚拟语气。这些动词（以及他们的名次形式，分词形式）引起的从句还有其他的变形：主语从句，表语从句，同位语从句It'ssuggestedthat…Mysuggestionisthat…Theonlysuggestionthat...TheonlysuggestionIcangiveyounowisthat…一些形容词引起的表语从句中，也会有同样的情况4important;necessary;essentialIt'snatural;strange;incrediblethatapity;ashame;nowonder由lest,forfearthat,incase引起的从句中多使用should表达与事实相反1.与现在相反：使用[过去时]：IwishIwerenothere!(一般现在一般过去)Supposewewerenothere.HelovedmeasifIwerehisownson.(一般现在