8 Conversation analysis会话分析

Unit8ConversationAnalysis会话分析ThePurposeofConversationAnalysisTostudythesequentialstructureofnaturalconversation,findouttheunderlyingprinciplesoforganization,andexplainthecoherenceofconversation.Contents8.1Turn-takinginconversation8.2Adjacencypairs8.3Presequences8.4Conversationalrepairs8.1Turn-takinginConversationFloor发言机会：therighttospeak;onecentralbasisonwhichweexplicitlyorimplicitlyorganizeourconversationTurn话轮：theopportunitytohavetheflooratsomepointduringaconversationTurn-taking话轮转换：thephenomenonthatthereisaconstantchangeofspeakerinconversation8.1Turn-takinginConversationThereareoverlapsinconversationwheretwoormoreparticipantstrytoseizetheflooratthesametime:Readtheexampleonp.1068.1Turn-takinginConversationOninformaloccasionswheretheturnofspeakingisnotpreset,thereareseveralpossibilitiesregardingwhospeaksnext:Checkp.1068.2AdjacencyPairs毗邻对Apairofturnsoccurringsequentiallytoperformtwocloselyrelatedactslikerequest-refusalSchegloffandSack(1973)characterizeanadjacencypairasasequenceoftwoutterancesthatare:(p.106)8.2AdjacencyPairs毗邻对Preferencestructure优选结构Somefirstpartsinanadjacencypairlikegreetingsaregenerallyfollowedbyoneandthesamesecondparts.However,someotherfirstpartslikerequestsandinvitationsmayallowofbothpositiveandnegativesecondparts.Interpersonallyspeaking,positivesecondpartsareexpectedorpreferred.Structurallyspeaking,theyarealsomorelikelytooccurthannegativeones.SomepreferencestructuresonP.1078.2AdjacencyPairs毗邻对ThenotionofpreferenceisNOTintendedasapsychologicalclaimaboutthespeaker’sorhearer’swishes,butaLABELforastructuralphenomenonsimilartothelinguisticconceptofmarkedness.Preferredstructure:unmarkeddispreferredstructure:marked8.2AdjacencyPairs毗邻对Preferredpart:structurallysimpleDispreferredpart:structurallycomplextheuseofdelays,prefaces,disarmers,accountsorexcuses,declinationcomponent,andthelike.8.2AdjacencyPairs毗邻对在日常会话中依次毗连的话语会形成毗连对（adjacencypair），前一项言语行为会引起后一项言语行为来与之匹配，如请求/接受、提问/应答等，且后一种言语行为有优选（preferred）和次选（dispreferred）之分。何兆熊等.Pragmatics[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，2011.8.3Presequences预示语列Whenwemakearequestordosomething,wemayuseoneturnortwotopavetheway.Afterthisinitialexchangehasbeenconcluded,wemaydecidewhethertoproceedwiththerequest.Technically,thesequencesresultingfromthepreliminaryexchangearecalledpresequences.(exampleonp.108)Presequencesareindependentoftheact-orientedsequencesinstructureandareoftencomposedofaquestion-answerpair.Theirmainfunctionistomakesurewhethertherequestisfeasiblefromthepointoftheaddressee.8.4ConversationalRepairs会话修正RepairapparatusConversationalrepairs(findthedefinitiononp.108inthetextbook)Conversationalcorrections8.4ConversationalRepairs会话修正Repairsmaybeinitiatedbyspeakersthemselvesorhearers.(examplesonp.108-109)8.4ConversationalRepairs会话修正Classificationofconversationalrepairs:intermsoftheinitiatorandtherepairerintermsofwhatisrepairedSelf-initiatedself-repairispreferred.8.4ConversationalRepairs会话修正自我启动自我修正自我启动他者修正他者启动自我修正他者启动他者修正参见钟兰凤、葛琴，2014，情景剧《生活大爆炸》中的会话修正机制[J]。外语研究（5）：18-24。