实验室致癌物质和诱发畸变物质

HAZARDOUSSUBSTANCES(TOXIC,DANGEROUS,CARCINOGENIC,ANDMUTAGENIC/TERATOGENIC)有害物质(有毒的、危险的、致癌的、导致体内突变或者畸变的物质)1.TOXICSUBSTANCES（有毒物质）Anyvolatilesubstanceswhicharedangerouswheninhaledmustbehandledonlyinanadequatelyventilatedareaorinafumehood.严格的讲，任何可挥发性、吸入时有害的药品，都必须在通风性好的地方或者是通风橱中处理。a)Benzene：Benzeneisparticularlydangeroussinceitcausesblooddiseases.Avoidusingitasasolvent.Chronicpoisoningispossiblefollowing.prolongedinhalationofminutequantitiesofbenzene.Avoidskincontact.Itisaknowncarcinogen.避免用苯作溶剂，避免皮肤接触，它是已知的致癌物质之一。有害物质b)CarbontetrachlorideandchloroformCarbontetrachlorideandchloroformhavespecificdangers:Theycanbeabsorbedthroughtheskin.Thesesubstancescaneventuallycausefunctionaldisordersofthekidneyandtheliverevenatlowconcentrations.Theyaresuspectedcarcinogens.CCl4和CHCl3在很低的浓度下就容易引起肾和肝脏的失调，并且它们也是被怀疑为可致癌的物质之一。有害物质c)CyanidesandNitrilesCyanidesandNitrilesaresomeofthemostacutelytoxicsubstancesknown;theyreactveryquickly“invivo”whentheyarepresentintheambientenvironment.Symptomsofpoisoning(weakness,difficultyinbreathing,nausea)appearassoonasthesesubstanceshavebeenabsorbed,inhaled,oringested.Contactwithacidliberatesahighlytoxicgas.Theinhalationofaveryminuteamountofhydrogencyanide(HCN)canbefatal.氰化物和氰是已知最毒的物质之一，氰化物在体内反应很快，中毒的症状表现为虚弱、呼吸困难、恶心，而且当你吸入或者咽下以后症状出现很快。与酸性物质接触以后放出高毒性的气体(HCN)，吸入一定在数分钟内将会死亡。有害物质d)PhenolsSolutionsofphenolsareverydangerous.Phenolsareabsorbedrapidlythroughtheskinduringcontact.Ifrapidandcompletedecontaminationisnoteffectedimmediately,seriouspoisoningandevendeathcouldoccur,dependingontheconcentrationofthesolventandtheamountofbodysurfacethatiscontaminated.苯酚很溶液通过皮肤渗入，如果没有及时的清洗，严重中毒或者死亡都可能发生。有害物质e)HydrogenfluorideHydrogenfluorideisextremelycorrosive.Duetotheabsenceofimmediatepain,penetrationcanbeextensiveandleadtoseriousinjury.Itcancausesevereeyeirritationandskinburns.HF酸，有很强烈的腐蚀性，不是马上就能感觉到疼痛，所以它很容易扩散开，导致皮肤和眼睛的受伤。有害物质f)HydrogensulfideHydrogensulfideisverytoxic.Inhalationcausesrespiratoryparalysis.Itcanalsodamagetheeyesandmucousmembranes.Smallcylindersofitarecommerciallyavailableforlaboratoryuse.CAUTION:Thegascanbeeasilysynthesizedbyactionofdiluteacidsonsulfides.Wastegasshouldbepassedthroughscrubbersbeforeventing.H2S也是非常毒的，吸入是有麻醉作用。H2S其他在含硫物质与稀酸作用的时候很容易生成。有害物质2.DANGEROUSSUBSTANCESa)Perchloricacid高氯酸Perchlorateesters,whenexposedtoimpact,behaveinthesamemannerasnitroglycerine.高氯酸酯受到冲击时与硝化甘油类似会爆炸。b)OrganicPeroxides有机过氧化物Someorganicperoxidesareveryunstableandverydangerous.Duetotheirhighsensitivitytoheat,friction,impact,sparks,light,andoxidizingandreducingagents,theycancauseviolentexplosions.有机过氧化物对热、摩擦、冲击、火花、氧化和还原性试剂很敏感，可能产生爆炸。有害物质Tominimizetherisksofsuchperoxides,thefollowingprecautionsmustbetaken:Buyonlythenecessaryquantitiesofperoxidesneeded.Useonlytheminimumamountnecessary.Neverreplaceunusedperoxideintheoriginalcontainer.Immediatelycleanupspilledperoxide.Ifavolatilesolventmustbeused,avoidlossesduetoevaporationwhichcouldincreasetheperoxideconcentration。当使用挥发性溶剂时，避免蒸发以免使过氧化学浓度增加。Avoidflames,sourcesofheat,anddirectsunlight.Storeperoxidesataslowatemperatureaspossibleabovethefreezingpoint,soastominimizetherateofdecomposition.过氧化物应该在低温(0度以上)保存，以减小分解反应的速率。Donotcoolliquidperoxides,orthoseinsolution,totemperatureswheretheycouldsolidifyorprecipitatebecauseinthisformtheyareextremelysensitivetoimpactandtoheat(在此状态对温度和冲击敏感).有害物质3.CARCINOGENS致癌物质Carcinogensandsubstancescapableofinducingcancer.ThesesubstancesmustbesubjecttostrictguidelinessuchasthosepublishedbytheInternationalAgencyforResearchonCancerwhentheyarestored,used,anddisposedof.Avoidexposurewhereexposureisunavoidable,keepitaslowasreasonablyachievable.Thelistofknowncarcinogensiscontinuallyupdated.(Seenextpageforsomeexamplesofcarcinogens).致癌类物质要避免直接暴露在空气中，其名单以国际癌症研究中心公布的数据为准。有害物质a)KNOWNHUMANCARCINOGENS对氨基联苯砒霜五氧化砷三氯化砷石棉三氧化砷对二氨基联苯苯并芘1.4－丁二醇二甲黄酸酯砷酸钙氯甲基甲基醚有害物质铬酸盐煤焦油中可挥发性沥青环磷酰胺砷酸铅2-萘胺N,N-双(2-氯乙基)-2-萘胺对硝基联苯砷酸钠亚砷酸钠过氧化钍硫烷氯乙烯有害物质b)SUSPECTEDHUMANCARCINOGENS未有定论的癌症引发物质丙烯酰胺丙烯腈丁二烯镉氯化镉硫酸镉铍四氯化碳二甲硫酸酯2-硝基丙烷Ni的硫酸盐苯肼β-丙内酯丙烯亚胺2-甲基苯胺4-甲基苯胺溴乙烯有害物质1.2-二溴乙烯甲醛六氯丁二烯六甲基磷酰胺肼醋酸铅磷酸铅碱式乙酸铅甲肼碘甲烷镍碳酸镍羰基镍氧化镍氢氧化镍有害物质4.MUTAGENSANDTERATOGENSMutagensaresubstancescausingpermanenttransmissiblealterationsingeneticinformation.Teratogensareagentsinterferingwithnormalprenataldevelopmentcausingabnormalitiesinthefetus.Exposuretomutagensandteratogensshouldbekeptaslowaspossible.诱发突变性物质，是指那些引起在基因中的可遗传的变化的物质。诱发畸变性物质，是指可以引起胎儿在出生前产生不正常变化的物质。有害物质现在没有一个完整的诱发突变性物质和畸变性物质的清单。对这类物质，人类的认识不如致癌性物质认识的多，但是这类物质在使用时也应该特别的注意。有害物质乙酰胺氮杂蒽铬酸铵重铬酸铵重铬酸铵蒽氧化锑碳酸铍钴秋水仙碱1.2-二氯乙烷甲醛甲酰胺对苯二酚靛青双乙酸铅汞四氧化锇铬酸钾高锰酸钾焦棓酸硝酸银叠氮化钠重铬酸钠硝酸钠亚硝酸钠硫代乙酰胺甲苯氨基甲酸乙酯有害物质