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Pastparticiple过去分词过去分词是非谓语动词的一种形式,表示完成和被动的动作。它在句子中可以充当状语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、主语补足语等成分。过去分词作状语可表时间,原因,让步,结果,方式,条件等。这种过去分词状语相当于于一个时间、地点、原因、条件、让步等状语从句,过去分词作状语中句子的主语与分词所表示的动作构成动宾关系,即是该分词动作的承受者。注意：作状语时,过去分词的逻辑主语与句子主语一致。过去分词作时间状语,可在过去分词前加上连词when,while,until等来强调时间概念。1.Whenitisheated,icewillbechangedintowater.Whenheated,icewillbechangedintowater.2.Whenitisseenunderamicroscope,afreshsnowflakehasadelicatesix-pointed.Seenunderamicroscope,afreshsnowflakehasadelicatesix-pointedshape.过去分词作原因状语1.Since/Asshewasgivenadvicebythefamousdetective,theyoungladywasnolongerafraid.Givenadvicebythefamousdetective,theyoungladywasnolongerafraid.2.Becauseitwasdoneinahurry,hishomeworkwasfullofmistakes.Doneinahurry,hishomeworkwasfullofmistakes.过去分词作让步状语1.Thoughtheyhadbeenwarnedofthestorm,thefarmerswerestillworkinginthefields.Thoughwarnedofthestorm,farmerswerestillworkinginthefields.the2.Althoughhewasleftaloneathome，Samdidnotfeelafraidatall.Leftaloneathome,Samdidnotfeelafraidatall.过去分词作条件或者假设状语1.Iftheyhadbeengivenmoreattention,thecabbagescouldhavegrownbetter.Givenmoreattention,thecabbagescouldhavegrownbetter.2.IfIamcomparedwithyou,westillhavealongwaytogo.Comparedwithyou,westillhavealongwaytogo.作方式或伴随情况状语1.Thehunterlefthishouse,followedbyhisdog.Thehunterlefthishouse,andhewasfollowedbyhisdog.2.Shesatbythewindow,lostinthought.Shesatbythewindow,andshewaslostinthought.lost表示一种迷失心理状态用过去分词作状语来改写句子。1.AsIwasworriedaboutthejourney,Iwasunsettledforthefirstfewdays.→_______________________,Iwasunsettledforthefirstfewdays.Worriedaboutthejourney2.Ifheisgiventime,he’llmakeafirst-classtennisplayer.→_________,he’llmakeafirst-classtennisplayer.3)AsIwasconfusedbythenewsurroundings,Iwashitbythelackoffreshair.→______________________________,Iwashitbythelackoffreshair.GiventimeConfusedbythenewsurroundings4)Whenhewasquestionedbythepoliceaboutthefire,hebecametense.→________________________________,hebecametense.Questionedbythepoliceaboutthefire过去分词作定语过去分词作定语与其所修饰的词之间存在着逻辑上的被动关系,且表示该动作已经完成。单个的过去分词作定语,通常置于被修饰的词的前面,而分词短语作定语,则须置于被修饰词的后面。Attention1.LastSundaywewentonanorganizedtriptotheforest.上星期我们组织了一次去森林的旅行。2.Aletterpostedtodaywillreachhimthedayaftertomorrow.今天发出的信后天就能收到。分词作定语可以转换成定语从句:•Thisisapicturepaintedbymyfather.(被动)=•Thisisapicturewhichwaspaintedbymyfather.•Thelettermailedlastnightwillreachhimtomorrow.(已完成)=•Theletterwhichwasmailedlastnightwillreachhimtomorrow.过去分词短语有时亦可用作非限制性定语，前后常有逗号。Someofthem,bornandbroughtupincountryvillages,hadneverseenatrain.他们当中有一些人,生长在农村，从未见过火车。过去分词作定语有前置和后置两种情况:单个的过去分词作定语,通常放在被修饰的名词之前,表示被动和完成意义。1.前置定语A.被动意义：anhonoredguest一位受尊敬的客人(受伤的工人)arenowbeingtakengoodcareofinthehospital.B.完成意义aretiredteacher一位退休的教师Theyarecleaning(落叶)intheyard.Theinjuredworkersthefallenleaves2.后置定语过去分词短语作定语时,通常放在被修饰的名词之后,它的作用相当于一个定语从句。MostoftheartistsinvitedtothepartywerefromSouthAfrica.(过去分词作后置定语表达被动,等于定语从句whowereinvited。)Thecomputercentre,openedlastyear,isverypopularamongthestudentsinthisschool.(过去分词短语作定语放在所修饰的名词后,可以用非限制性定语从句“whichwasopenedlastyear”代替。)如果被修饰的词是由every/some/any/no+thing/body/one所构成的复合代词或指示代词those等时，即使一个单一的分词作形容词用，也要放在被修饰词的后面。例如：Isthereanythingunsolved?ThereisnotingchangedheresinceIleftthistown.注意:另外,分词作状语时,如果其逻辑主语与整个句子的主语不一致时,需要独立主格结构或with复合结构来替代。(此时,也可把该分词看成介词的宾语补足语。)•过去分词做宾语补足语，如：•HewatchedtheTVsetcarriedoutoftheroom.•Lastyeartheyhadthehouserebuilt.•WhenyouspeakEnglish,besuretomakeyourselfunderstood.•注：过去分词做宾语补足语表示动作完成结果，并有被动意义。•IonceheardthissongsunginJapanese.•ThissongwasoncesunginJapanese.Idon’twantthechildrentakenoutinsuchweather.Thechildrenweretakenoutinsuchweather.•以上句子可以变为被动结构，这时，宾语补足语就成了主语补足语，与谓语一起称为“复合谓语”，如：•Wewerekeptwaitingforquitealongtime.•Shewasneverheardsingingthatsongagain.•Oneoftheglasseswasfoundbroken.过去分词作主语补足语例:Themurdererwasbroughtin,withhishandstiedbehindhisback.简析:很显然,划线部分的逻辑主语是hishands,而不是句子的主语Themurderer,而hishands对于动词tie来说,只能是被动承受。•Givenmoretime,wewouldbeabletodotheworkmuchbetter.Leftaloneathome,Samdidnotfeelafraidatall.Don’tgetyouschedulechanged,staywithusinthisclass.Theproblemdiscussedatthemeetingyesterdaywasverydifficulttosolve.