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Chapter2PhoneticsandPhonologyChapter2PhoneticsandPhonology•1.Phonetics•articulatorsandtheirfunctions•voicedandvoicelesssounds•nasalandoralsounds•ClassificationofEnglishspeechsounds(Englishconsonantsandvowels)•Variationofsounds(liaison,elisionandassimilation)Chapter2PhoneticsandPhonology•2.Phonology•Phonemes:thephonologicalunitsoflanguage•Minimalpairsandsets•Freevariation•Distinctivefeatures•Syllablesandconsonantclusters•Suprasegmentalfeatures(stress,intonation)Phonetics----Abranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription,e.g.[p]bilabial,stop,voiceless.Threebranchesofphonetics•Articulatoryphonetics----fromthespeakers’pointofview,“howspeakersproducespeechsounds”•Auditoryphonetics----fromthehearers’pointofview,“howsoundsareperceived”•Acousticphonetics----fromthephysicalwayormeansbywhichsoundsaretransmittedfromonetoanother.ArticulatorsandtheirfunctionsSpeechorgans:threeimportantareas•Pharyngealcavity----thethroat;•Theoralcavity----themouth;•Nasalcavity----thenose.Thediagramofspeechorgans1.Lips2.Teeth3.Alveolarridge4.Hardpalate5.Softpalate(velum)6.Uvula7.Tipoftongue8.Bladeoftongue9.Backoftongue10.Vocalcords11.Pharynx12.NasalcavityVoicedandvoicelesssounds•Voicelesssounds----Iftheairstreamfromthelungsgoesthroughthevocalcordssmoothlywithoutvibration,thesoundsproducedinthiswayarevoicelesssounds.•e.g.[p],[t],[k]•Voicedsounds----Iftheairstreamfromthelungssqueezesthroughthecombinationofvocalcordswithvibration,soundsproducedinthiswayarevoicedsounds.•e.g.[b],[t],[k]Nasalandoralsounds•Accordingtotheplacewheretheairstreamfromthelunggoesout,thespeechsoundscanbedividedintonasalsoundsandoralsounds.•Iftheairstreamescapesmainlythroughthenose,soundsproducedinthiswayarenasalsounds.Otherwise,theyarecalledoralsounds.•Therearetotallythreenasalconsonants[m],[n],and[n].Allofthemarevoiced.TherearenovoicelessnasalsinEnglish.Orthographicrepresentationofspeechsounds•----AstandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscriptionistheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA).ThebasicprincipleoftheIPAisusingonelettertorepresentonespeechsound.•Broadtranscription----usedindictionaryandtextbookforgeneralpurpose,withoutdiacritics(附加符号）,e.g.[l],[pit]•Narrowtranscription----usedbyphoneticianforcarefulstudy,withdiacritics,e.g.dark[l],aspiratedClassificationofEnglishspeechsounds----Englishspeechsoundsaregenerallyclassifiedintotwolargecategories:•Vowels•ConsonantsNote:Theessentialdifferencebetweenthesetwoclassesisthatintheproductionoftheformertheairstreammeetswithnoobstructionofanykindinthethroat,thenoseorthemouth,whileinthatofthelatteritissomehowobstructed.TheTableofPhoneticTranscriptioninEnglishClassificationofconsonants----Englishconsonantsmaybeclassifiedaccordingtotwodimensions:•Theplaceofarticulation(theplacewheretheairstreamismostobstructed)•Themannerofarticulation(thewaytheairstreamisobstructed)Theplaceofarticulation1.Bilabials;2.Labiodental;3.Dentalsorinterdentals;4.Alveolars;5.Palatals;6.Velars;7.Glottals.Theplaceofarticulation•bilabials:[p],[b],[m],[w];•labiodentals:[f],[v];•dentals:[θ]，[ð]•alveolars:[t],[d],[s],[z],[n],[l],[r];•palatals:[∫],[ʒ]，[tʃ]，[dʒ]，[j];•velars:[k],[g],[ŋ]•glottal:[h].Themannerofarticulation•stops/plosives:[p],[b],[t],[d],[k],[g];•fricatives:[f],[v],[s],[z],[θ]，[ð]，[∫],[ʒ]，[h].•affricates:[tʃ]，[dʒ]•liquids:[l],[r];•nasals:[m],[n],[ŋ]•glides/semivowels:[w],[j].ThedescriptionofEnglishconsonantsClassificationofvowels----Englishvowelscanbedividedintotwolargecategories:•Monophthongsorpure/singlevowels•DiphthongsorglidingvowelsMonophthongsorpure/singlevowels•----Accordingtowhichpartofthetongueisheldhighestintheprocessofproduction,thevowelscanbedistinguishedas:•frontvowels:[i:],[i],[e],[ɛ]，[æ]，[a]•centralvowels:[ə:]，[ə]，[Λ]•backvowels:[u:]，[u]，[ɔ:],[ɒ]，[a:]Accordingtotheshapeofthelipsorthedegreeofliprounding•rounded:[u:],[u],[ɔ:],[ɒ]•unrounded:[i:],[i],[e],[ɛ]，[æ],[a],[ə:],[ə],[Λ],[a:]Accordingtotheopennessofthemouth•Close:[i:],[i],[u:],[u].•Semi-close:[e],[ə:]•Semi-open:[ə],[ɔ:]•Open:[æ],[a],[Λ],[ɒ],[a:]Thediagramofsinglevowelclassificationbyapplyingthetwocriteriaofthehighestpartoftongueandopenness:Diphthongs/glidingvowels[ai][ei][ɔi][iə][ɛə][əu][uə][au]Exercises:underlinethewordsthatbeginwithasoundasrequired.•Abilabialconsonant:madsadbadcadpadhadlad•Avelarconsonant:nodgodcodpodrod•Labiodentalconsonant:ratfatsatmatchatvatpat•Analveolarconsonant:nicklicksicktickkickquick•Apalato-alveolarconsonant:sipshiptipchiplipzip•Adentalconsonant:liebuythighthytierye•Aglide:onewaryolkrushUnderlinethewordsthatendwithasoundasrequired:•Africativepayhorsetoughricebreathpushsingwreathehangcavemessage•Anasaltrainbangleaflimb•Astopdrillpipefitcrabfogridelaughrackthroughtip•Anaffricate:racksuchridgeboozeUnderlinethewordsthatcontainthesoundasrequired:•Acentralvowel:madlotbutbootword•Afrontvowel:reedpadloadfatebitbedcook•Aroundedvowel:whohebusherhittruebossbarwalk•Abackvowel:paidreapfooltopgoodfatherDescribetheunderlinedconsonantsaccordingtothreedimensions:vd/vl