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大学英语四级写作技巧(二)句子写作•我们在前面曾提过学生的作文主要有以下几个方面的问题：•第一、英语底子太薄。•第二、词汇量太小，且对已学词汇记忆不清。•第三、表达思想不清楚。下面我们以考生的实际作文来进行一下分析。•1）Someoneconsiderthatfreshwaterwillnottouchit'send.(96年1月，2分)•2）Oneman'slifelackofmoney,hewillimpossibletoliveon.（95年1月，5分）•3）Asisknow,thattherearemuchfakecommoditiesintoday'ssociety.(97年12月，6分)•表达思想不清楚的主要原因是考生作文中严重汉化的英语，即中式英语，比如：mancanlivehappiness，Manisiron,andfoodissteel.,＂Womenarehalfsidesky.＂。此外，语言错误的普遍性和严重性十分惊人，比如，主谓不一致，名词单复数不分，动词时态语态滥用，常用词拼写错误比比皆是。这些严重地影响了思想的表达。考试实践表明，多数考生在写作上的主要欠缺不是系统的写作理论和方法，而是最基本的单句写作能力。•一、＂Therebe＂结构•考生病句：•1.Therearemanypeopleliketogotothemovies.•2.Therearedifferentkindsofvegetablescanbeboughtonthemarketbypeople.•正确表达：•1.Therearemanypeoplewholiketogotothemovies.•2.Therearedifferentkindsofvegetablesthatpeoplecanbuyonthemarket.•这两个例句的错误比较有普遍性，因为在历次考试中有不少考生不能正确运用therebe这一最常用的句式。在这种结构中，there是引导词，没有实际意义。be在句中作谓语，有时态和数的变化。•例如：•1.Therewasnoschoolinthevillageatthattime.(=therewasnotaschool...)•注意：在否定句中，否定词用no，也可用nota或notany。nota后接单数名词，nota后接复数名词，no后面的名词单复数都可以。•2.Thereisnotamomenttobelost.•3.Therearemanypeoplerushingintothecitieseveryyear.•4.Therearemanythingswecandotopreventtrafficaccidents.•5.Thereisnouseholdingbackthewheelofhistory.••二、比较结构•考生病句：•1.Comparingwiththebike,thecarrunsmuchfaster.•2.TheclimateinWaltoniscolderthanothercities.•正确表达：•1.Comparedwiththebike,thecarrunsmuchfaster.•2.TheclimateinWaltoniscolderthanthatofothercities.•评议与分析：许多考生在作文中用compare或than表示比较，但相当多的表达有误。•下面是比较结构的一些常用的表达方法。•1．同级比较•1）In1998weproducedasmanycarsaswedidinthepreviousfiveyears.•2）Wehaveaccomplishedasmuchinthepastthreeyearsaswouldhavetakentenyearsinthepast.•2．比较级•1）Childrennowenjoybettermedicaltreatmentthanbefore.•2）Wecanlivelongerwithoutfoodthanwecan(live)withoutwater.•三、表达原因的结构•考生病句：•1.Therealreasontoourfailureisnotfartoseek.•2.Thereasonforthisisbecausesomepeoplewanttoearnplentyofmoneywithoutworkinghard.•正确表达：•1.Therealreasonforourfailureisnotfartoseek.•2.Thereasonforthisisthatsomepeoplewanttoearnplentyofmoneywithoutworkinghard.•英语中用来表达原因这一概念的结构有多种。我们可用as,because,since,seeingthat,consideringthat,nowthat,notthat...等词组引出表示原因的从句。例如：•1.Nowthatwehaveseenthesegreatachievementswithourowneyes,wefeelmoreproudthaneverofourcountry.•2.ProfessorLiuisstrictwithusbecausehewantsustomakerapidprogress.•3.Sincewelivenearthesea,weenjoyahealthyclimate.•4.Pollutionisstillaseriousproblem,notthatwedon'thavetheabilitytosolveit,butthatsomepeoplehavenotrealizedtheconsequencesoftheproblem.•我们还可以借助某些词语用简单句表达原因结构。例如：•1.Thereasonforthischangeisquiteobvious.•2.Diligenceisthekeyfactorofsuccess.•3.Idlenessistherootofallevils.•4.Hewasashamedtohavemadethemistake.(=Hewasashamedthathehadmadethemistake.=Hewasashamedbecausehehadmadethemistake.)•除了上述的例句外，英语中还有很多或易或难的表达原因的结构。。比如，because是最常用的引导原因从句的连词，语气最强，表示直接的原因，若because置于句首，后面的主句不能再用so。用as引导的原因从句语气较弱，所说明的原因是附带的，而since表示的原因暗示着是稍加分析之后才能推断出来的原因。•四、否定结构•考生病句•1.Somepeoplethinkweneedn'ttoworryaboutfreshwater.•2.Nowadaysmanypeopledon'tliketogotothemovies,too.•正确表达：•1.Somepeoplethinkweneedn'tworry(或don'tneedtoworry)aboutfreshwater.•2.Nowadaysmanypeopledon'tliketogotothemovies,either.•1．含有否定意义的词汇和短语•以下列举的词和词组本身就具有否定的含义，因此无需用否定词。•介词against,beyond,but,except,without,...•形容词和动词absent,deny,differ,different,fail,free,ignore,miss,refuse,thelast,usedto,reluctant,lack,want,...•短语keep...from,protect...from,prevent...from,letalone,ataloss,invain,insteadof,outofthequestion,ratherthan,too...to,bynomeans,anythingbut,...•我们看以下例句：•1）Womenfailtogettheequalrightsinsomecountries.•在一些国家里妇女没有得到平等的权利。•2）Thisisbynomeansthebestwaytosolvetheproblemofenergycrisis.•这不是解决能源危机的最好的办法。•3）Weshouldprotecttreesfrombeingdestroyed.•我们应保护树木，不让它们受破坏。•4）InoldChinawecouldnotmakeanail,letalone(make)machines.•在旧中国，我们连一个钉子都造不了，更不用说制造机器了。•2．含有半否定意义的词语•barely,hardly,few,little,rarely,scarcely,seldom,notall,noteveryone,noteverything,...具有半否定的意义。例句：•1）Wecouldhardlyseeanyfreshvegetablesinwinteronmarketseveralyearsago.•几年前在冬天市场上很难见到新鲜蔬菜。•2）Theseyoungpeopleknowlittleabouthowtochoosegoodbookstoread.•这些年轻人几乎不知道如何挑选优秀的书籍来读。•3．不含否定意义的否定结构•有些词和词组形式上是否定结构，但其含义是肯定的，比如：cannotbut,can'thelp,nosooner...than,not...until,innotime,noneotherthan,nothingbut,等等。例句：•1）Wecan'tbutfacethereality.•我们只有面对现实。•2）Theseoldbuildingswillbereplacedbymodernapartmentbuildingsinnotime.•这些旧建筑将很快为现代化的公寓所代替。•4．否定结构的倒装语序•我们有时为了强调而把否定词和词组放在句首，这时句子结构应倒装。例如：•1）Onnoaccountshouldwefollowblindly.我们决不应当盲从。•2）Nowherehastheworldeverseensuchgreatenthusiasmforlearningasinourcountry.没有任何其他地方有我国这样高的学习热情。•五、含有it的结构•考生病句：•1.Asisknowntoallofusthatscienceandtechnologyplayanimportantroleinthedevelopmentofsociety.•2.Itisknowntous,practicemakesperfect.•正确表达：•1.Itisknowntoallofusthatscienceandtechnologyplayanimportantroleinthedevelopmentofsociety.(或:Asisknowntoallofus,science...)•2.Itisknowntousthatpracticemakesperfect.(或:Asisknowntous,practice...)•It在英语中是个相当活跃的代词，在写作中我们常要使用它。以下几种用法应熟练掌握，并能灵活运用。•1．作形式主语•Itisnecessaryforustomasteraforeignlanguageskillfully.Itmakesdifferencewhetherwecouldpurifytheairornot.•2.作形式宾语•Wefinditratherdifficulttopreventpeoplefromdoingthat.Modernsciencehasmadeitpossibleforbab