高中英语语法专题指导课件：名词

名词专有名词(ProperNouns)普通名词(CommonNouns)个体名词(IndividualNouns)集体名词(CollectiveNouns)物质名词(MaterialNouns)抽象名词(AbstractNouns)不可数名词(UncountableNouns)可数名词(CountableNouns)表示日子的专有名词December十二月SpringFestival春节表示地名的专有名词Asia亚洲China中国Beijing北京表示人的专有名词表示地名的专有名词theUnitedNations联合国TsinghuaUniversity清华大学YaoMing姚明Newton牛顿Beckham贝克汉姆ProperNouns(专有名词)CommonNouns：专有名词以外的名词都是普通名词1。IndividualNouns:指作为个体而存在的人或东西。可以指具体的人或物。Eg:aunts;apanda;apartments也可指抽象东西。Eg:ayear;fairytales;adream2.CollectiveNouns:表示由个体组成的集体。Eg:army;audience;crew;family;team;police;government;public集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看。一般来说，视为整体时作单数看，突出它的成员时作复数看。Eg:Hisfamilyisn’tlarge.Cf:Hisfamilyareallmusiclovers.在不少情况下，集体名词后单复数动词都可以用，没什么差别。Eg:Theaudiencewas(were)excitedbytheshow.有少数集体名词通常用作单数。Eg:Thegangisbeinghuntedbythepolice.OurcompanyissendinghimtoworkinBerlin.个别集体名词则多作复数看待。Eg:Thepolicearelookingforhim.复合名词：两个或两个以上名词连在一起构成的复合词.可以将其看做一种固定形式。有些复合名词中间带连字符，有些则没有。（boy-friend男友passer-by过路人highway高速公路earthquake地震)3.MaterialNouns:指无法分为个体的东西。Eg:beer;cake;cloth;cotton;detergent;fur;ice;paint;paper;soil一般来说，物质名词是不可数的，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况：1)有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份”、“一杯”、“一种”Eg:Twostrongblackcoffees,please.(两份）Threebeers,please.(三杯）Itwasaspecialtea.(一种）2)个别物质名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。Eg:rains（雨季）snows(积雪）waters(海域)…（seenotepaper)4.AbstractNouns:表示一些抽象的概念。Eg:education;love;policy;trust;nature;fashion;relief;silence;truth,etc.多数情况下，这种名词常用于单数形式，不加任何冠词。Eg:He’slearningFrenchforfun.Iwishyougoodluck.有时也可以加冠词。Heworkshardforthewelfareofthepoor.Afterabriefpeace,warbrokeoutagain.1、不可数名词的特点2、可数名词的单、复数;3、可数与不可数名词的修饰语及转换；4、名词作定语；5、名词的搭配;6、名词的所有格7、词语辨析；名词（nouns）不可数名词的特点(1)Tablesaremadeof____.A.woodB.woodsC.woodenD.somewoods(2)Fatherwenttohisdoctorfor____abouthishearttrouble.A.anadviceB.adviceC.advicesD.theadvices(3)Hegainedhis______byprinting______offamouswriters.A.wealth;workB.wealths;worksC.wealths;workD.wealth;works(1)没有复数形式；(2)不能直接在前面加不定冠词；(3)表示其数量不能直接在前面加数词，而要用apieceof之类的结构。ABD(1)DrSmithisgoingtopulloutoneofmy______.A.teethB.toothC.teethsD.toothes(2)_____turngreeninspring.A.LeafB.LeafsC.LeaveD.Leaves(3)_____willmakeatriparoundtheworldduringthecomingChristmas.A.TheEvensB.TheEvens’C.TheEvensesD.TheEvenses’1.当可数名词的数大于一时要用复数形式。2.特殊用法ADC一般情况加-s1.清辅音后读/s/map-mapsbook-books2.浊辅音和元音后读/z/bag-bagscar-cars名词复数的规则变化(1)以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词加-es读/iz/bus-buseswatch-watches但如果以–ch结尾的名词发音为[k]时，只加–s。stomach—stomachs读/s/以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词加-ses读/iz/bridge-bridgesexercise-exercises名词复数的规则变化(2)以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时，直接加-s变复数：读/z/twoMarystheHenrysmonkey---monkeysholiday---holidays以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y为i再加esies读/iz/party-partiesbaby---babies名词复数的规则变化(3)以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时：a.加-s读/s/roof---roofs一个首领(chief)带着一个农奴(serf)在海湾(gulf)的悬崖(cliff)上发现一个屋顶(roof)上面有个保险箱(safe)。b.去f,fe加-veshalf---halvesknife---knives读/vz/leaf---leaveswolf---wolveslife---livesthief---thievesc.均可handkerchief--handkerchiefs/handkerchieveshoof-hoofs/hooves名词复数的规则变化(4)atomatosometomatoessomepotatoessomeheroes名词复数的规则变化(5)辅音字母+o结尾，加es读/z/但piano,photo,kilo,tobacco加s元音字母+o结尾，加s读/z/radio-radiosfoot--feetchild-childrentooth--teethmouse--mice名词复数的不规则变化(1)goose-geeseox-oxenman--menwoman--womenmendoctorswomenteachersonesheeptwosheepaChinesetwoChineseaJapaneseseveralJapanese名词复数的不规则变化(2):单复数形式相同onefish一条鱼fishes不同种类的鱼／各种各样的鱼threefish三条鱼somefish一些鱼肉可数名词不可数名词deer-deermeans-meansseries-seriesspecies-speciesworks-works（工厂）Some______visitedourschoollastWednesday.A．GermanB．GermenC．GermansD．Germens国家人的名词需要记住三种情况：1、单复数同形：Chinese;Japanese;Swiss2、需要变形：English-Englishman3、加–s或-es：German–Germans详见下表。1.6不同国家的人的单复数名称总称(谓语用复数）一个人两个人中国人theChineseaChinesetwoChinese瑞士人theSwissaSwisstwoSwiss澳大利亚人theAustraliansanAustraliantwoAustralians俄国人theRussiansaRussiantwoRussians意大利人theItaliansanItaliantwoItalians希腊人theGreekaGreektwoGreeks法国人theFrenchaFrenchmantwoFrenchmen日本人theJapaneseaJapanesetwoJapanese美国人theAmericansanAmericantwoAmericans印度人theIndiansanIndiantwoIndians加拿大人theCanadiansaCanadiantwoCanadians德国人theGermansaGermantwoGermans英国人theEnglishanEnglishmantwoEnglishmen瑞典人theSwedishaSwedetwoSwedes_______willmakeatriparoundtheworldduringthecomingChristmas.(1993上海)A.TheEvensB.TheEvens’C.TheEvensesD.TheEvenses’专有名词的复数与定冠词连用，常用来表示“一家人”或一家之中的两个或几个重要的人。如：---Whodidyouspendlastweekendwith?---_____.(98上海)APalmer’sBThePalmers’CThePalmersDThePalmer’sMrSmithhastwo______,bothofwhomareteachersinaschool.A．brothers-in-lawB．brother-in-lawsC．brothers-in-lawsD．brothers-inlaw以连字符号连接的合成名词一般将中心名词变成复数，如：managers-in-chief;fathers-in-law。如果没有中心名词就在该合成词的最后加–s。如：grown-ups。可数名词与不可数名词的修饰语及转换1.Ineed______cloth,forI'mhopingtomake______clothes.A.alotof;manyB.much;muchC.many;manyD.many;alot2.Wewaited______forthebus.A.longtimeB.alongtimeC.thelongtimeD.somelongtime3._____workhasbeendonetoimprovethepeople‘slivingstandard.A.ManyB.AgreatmanyC.AlargenumberofD.Agreatdealof4.Theyoungdancerslookedsocharmingintheirbeautifulclothesthatwetook______picturesofthem.A.manyofB.massesofC.thenumberofD.alargeamountof5.Wehaveonlyasofa,atableandabedinournewapartment.Weneedtobuy______morefurniture.A.anyB.manyC.littleD.someABDBD6.Ihear_______boysinyourschoollikeplayingfootballinthe