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非谓语动词Non-finiteVerbNon-predicateVerbs动词的非谓语的三种形式：•不定式（todo）•动名词（v-ing）•分词(v-ed,v-ing)不定式:•Itishardformetodothework.作主语•Hewantstospeakatthemeeting.作宾语•Ihavealotofworktodo.作定语•Heaskedmetofinishitintime.作宾补•Myjobistohelpthepatient.作表语•Heistooyoungtogotoschool.作结果状语•Weweresurprisedtofindhimthere.作原因状语•Hespokeloudlytomakeherselfheard.作目的状语•Hewenttohishome,onlytofindhewasout.出乎意料的结果特点:1）不定式短语做主语时，往往放在谓语之后，用it作形式主语，（例1）2）不定式作宾语，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾补之后，而用it作形式宾语，请看下句：IfinditinterestingtostudyEnglish.3)不定式作宾补，在feel,hear,listento,lookto,notice,observe,see,watch,have,let,make等词后的补足语，不定式不带to,但这些句子变成被动结构就必须带to.动名词•1）Collectinginformation(收集信息）isveryimportanttobusinessmen.作主语•2)Itisnousearguingwithhim.(与他争论）作主语•3）Shefinishedreadingthebook(看完这本书）yesterday.作宾语•4)Hehasareadingroom.(书房）作定语1.在itisnouse/good,noanyuse/good,useless等后须用动名词作主语，泛指抽象动作.2在finish,mind,enjoy,pactise,avoid,imagine,consider,feellike,keep,prevent,risk,suggest等词后，一定用动词的ing形式。3.在forget,goon,like,mean,regret,remember,stop,try等动词可带动名词或不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别，请看下列句型：1）我记得读过这本书.Irememberreadingthebook.(指过去的动作）Imustremembertoreadthebook.(指将来的动作）2）我要设法提高我的英语口语。I’lltrytoimprovemyspokenEnglish.敲门没人答应，试着敲后门。Tryknockingatthebackdoorifnobodyhearsyouatthefrontdoor.3)不要讲话。Stoptalking.他停下来讲话。Hestoppedtotalk.4)我没打算伤害你。Ididn’tmeantohurtyou.错过这班车意味着再等一个小时。Missingthetrainmeanswaitingforanotherhour.动名词和不定式结构在意义上区别：•动名词形式表示一般习惯，抽象概念，或已成过去的动作，不定式表示的往往是具体的或特定的动作，也可表示现在或将来的动作。•Playingwithfireisdangerous.（泛指玩火）•Toplaywithfirewillbedangerous.(指一次具体动作）•It’snousecryingoverspiltmilk.（抽象动作）•Herealizedthattogoonlikethiswasnouse.（具体动作）•Hehasforgottenseeingmebefore.（已成过去的动作）•ImustremembertoremindJohnthatthegardenneedswatering（将来的动作）分词：现在分词和过去分词1．分词的时态和语态。•现在分词：1）有一般式和完成时，一般式即主句和从句谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。2）完成时（having+过去分词）表示的动作在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。Whenhewasastudent,hewasinterestedinbooks.Beingastudent,hewasinterestedinbooks.Afterhehaddonehishomework,hewenttobed.Havingdonehishomework,hewenttobed.•3)当句子的主语是分词动作的承受者时，分词用被动语态，如果要强调分词的动作先于谓语动作，就用动词完成时的被动形式。•Thequestionwhichisbeingdiscussedisimportant.•Thequestionbeingdiscussedisimportant.•Ashehadbeencriticizedbytheteacher,LiMinggaveupsmoking.•Havingbeencriticizedbytheteacher,LiMinggaveupsmoking.•过去分词：过去分词表示在谓语动词之前发生的动作，本身有被动的含义，所以只有一般式，没有完成式。•2.分词的用法：•1.作定语：•站在窗旁的那个男人是我们的老师。•Themanstandingatthewindowisourteacher.•被污染的空气河水对人体有害。•Pollutedairandwaterareharmfultopeople’shealth.•请注意：如果现在分词作定语时，表示动作正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生。如果两个动词有先后，一般不能用现在分词作定语，而用定语从句。•Theteachercriticizedthestudentwhohadbrokenthewindow.2.作状语:1)Whilehewasreadingthebook,henoddedfromtimetotime.Whilereadingthebook,henoddedfromtimetotime.2)SinceIamastudent,Imuststudyhard.Beingastudent,Imuststudyhard.Aswewerenotsatisfiedwiththeresult,wedecidedtodotheexperimentagain.Notsatisfiedwiththeresult,wedecidedtodotheexperimentagain.3)Iftimepermits,Iwillfinishanotherlesson.Timepermitting,Iwillfinishanotherlesson.Ifheisallowed,hewouldeatallthefoodinthehouse.Ifallowed,hewouldeatallthefoodinthehouse.4)Thestudentswentoutoftheclassroom,talkingandlaughing.（说说笑笑）Heenteredtheroom,followedbyhisgirlfriend(后面跟着女朋友）．3.作宾补:Wesawtheteachermakingtheexperiment.（做实验）I’veneverheardthesongsunginEnglish.(用英语唱）4.作表语：Thenewsisinspiring（令人鼓舞）Heissurprised.(他很吃惊)特点：1.分词短语作状语,其逻辑主语须与句子的主语一致.2.表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连词while或when引导。3.有时“with(without)+名词（或代词宾格）+分词的结构表示伴随状况的独立主格结构。eg.1)Withhishomeworkfinishedaheadoftime,hebegantoplaycomputer.2)Hefellasleepwiththelampburning.4.分词短语作状语时，若句子主语不是它的逻辑主语（即两边主语不一致）通常在它前面加上它的主语，构成独立主格结构。Allmymoneystolen,Ihadtowalkwithoutbuyinganything.Timepermitting,（时间允许的话）Iwillfinishanotherlesson主语宾语表语定语状语宾语补足语动名词分词不定式•1.Theywouldnotallowhim___A___acrossthe•enemyline.•A.toriskgoingB.riskingtogoC.forrisktogoD.riskgoing•ask,tell,invite,force,get,beg,allow,help,wishwant,like,hate,prefer,expect,encourage,advise,•persuade,instruct,permit,request,order,warn.cause,urge等等动词后可接不定式作宾补。•2.Thoughhehadoftenmadehislittlesister•_A___,todayhewasmade____byhislittlesister.•A.cry,tocryB.crying,cryingC.cry,cryD.tocry,cry•使役动词make,let只接不带to的不定式作宾补。•Letmedoitforyou.•13.Whodidtheteacherhave__C____anarticleforthewallnewspaperjustnow?•A.writtenB.writingC.writeD.towrite•注意这一结构的活用。•Isawthebikebeingrepaired.•Isawthebikerepaired.•Weoftenheardthesongbeingsung.•14.InordertoimproveEnglish,______.•A.Jenny’sfatherboughtheralotoftapes•B.Jennyboughtalotoftapesforherself•C.alotoftapeswereboughtbyJenny.•D.alotoftapeswereboughtbyJenny’sfather•不定式作状语，其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语•18.Idon’tmind_C____bybus,butIhate_____inqueues.•A.traveling;standB.totravel;tostandC.traveling;tostandD.traveling;tostanding•19.----WhendidyougotoShanghai?•------Iremember_B____therewhenIwasachild.•A.havingtakenB.havingbeentakenC.tobetakenD.taken•20.Thesquirrelwasluckythatitjustmissed__C_.•A.catchingB.tobecaughtC.beingcaughtD.tocatch•21.__C___tosunlightfortoomuchtimewilldoharmtoone’sskin.•A.ExposeB.HavingexposedC.BeingexposedD.Afterbeingexposed•22.IcanhardlyimaginePeter_C___acrosstheAtlanticOceanin15days.•A.sailB.tosailC.sailingD.tohavesailed•动名词的复合结构：动名词的逻辑主语+动名词•Mary’scomplainingannoyedhim.•Idon’tmindhimc