英语语法之主谓一致[1]

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主谓一致,是指主语和谓语动词要保持人称和数上的一致。主谓一致,是指主语和谓语动词要保持人称和数上的一致。主谓一致的三个原则A坚持向前看语法一致是指主语和谓语在单复数形式上的一致关系,主语为单数形式,谓语动词用单数形式;反之,谓语动词用复数形式。Mychildhasnointentionofspendingavacationwithme.Mychildrenhavenointentionofspendingavacationwithme.B坚持向后看意义一致是说谓语动词的单、复数要取决于主语所表达的概念,而不取决于表面上的语法标记。1.主语形式虽为单数,但意义为复数,谓语动词用复数。Themajorityofprimaryschoolteachersarewomen.2.主语形式为复数,而意义上却是单数,谓语动词用单数。Nonewsisgoodnews.Billiardsisbecomingmoreandmorepopularinsomecities.C就近原则就近原则是指当主语由两个或两个以上名词或代词组成时,谓语动词的数要与它紧邻的名词或代词的数一致。Thereisasquaretableandsomechairsinthecenterofthedining-room.EitheryourstudentsorWilliamknowsthis.提示一般说来,究竟何时采用何种原则,应视英语习惯用法而定。但在实际使用中,如果对上述三种原则捉摸不定时,遵循语法一致的原则是一种比较稳妥的方法。并列主语的主谓一致A由and连接的并列主语1.用and(或both...and)连接并列主语时,谓语动词通常用复数。Ahammerandasawareusefultools.★当and连接的两个名词是指组合到一起的一件完整的或成套的东西,或表示同一个人或一种概念时,谓语动词要用单数形式。Thewriterandteacherisspeakingatthemeeting.必背英语中并列结构表示整体概念的有:ironandsteel钢铁aneedleandthread针线aimandend目的goingtobedearlyandgettingupearly早睡早起awatchandchain一块带链的表acartandhorse一辆马车acoatandtie配有领带的上衣breadandbutter黄油面包lawandorder治安aknifeandfork刀叉2.一个名词为几个并列形容词所修饰时,这时主语和谓语动词的一致关系一般遵循语法一致的原则。Cleverandslowstudentsaretreatedalike.Ablackandwhitekittenwasfoundinthegardenyesterday.比较Ablackandawhitedogsareplayingintheyard.Ablackandwhitedogisplayingintheyard.3.在each...andeach...,every...andevery...,no...andno...等结构之后,谓语动词用单数形式。Eachboyandeachgirlhasanapple.Everyhourandeveryminuteisprecious.Nobirdandnobeastisseenonthelonelyisland.4.带有并列动词的what从句作主语时,要根据意义一致的原则决定动词的数。Whathesaysanddoesdonotagree.Whathesaysanddoesdoesnotconcernme.5.在某些成语中,一些并列主语用and相连时,其后谓语用单数。AllworkandnoplaymakesJackadullboy.Earlytobedandearlytorisemakesamanhealthy,wealthyandwise.B某些词组采取就近原则以or,either...or,neither...nor,not...but,notonly...butalso等连接的名词(代词)作并列主语时,谓语动词的单复数应根据就近一致的原则。NeitherhenorIamwillingtogoshoppingtoday.Notthestudentsbuttheirteacherisinvitedtotheparty.-Areeitheryouorhetogothere?是你还是他将去那里?-Neitheris.C谓语动词的数不受某些词组影响主语后跟有aswellas,asmuchas,nolessthan,alongwith,like,ratherthan,togetherwith,besides,including,inadditionto等引导的词组时,其谓语动词的单、复数按主语的单、复数而定。Themanager,ratherthantheworkers,isresponsiblefortheloss.Nobodybutthreepolicemenwasonthespot.单一主语的主谓一致A形复意单的名词作主语形复意单的名词作主语(即形式为复数,意义为单数),按意义一致的原则,用作单数意义时,谓语用单数,反之,谓语用复数。1.许多学科名称,如mathematics,physics,economics,politics,以及news等名词作主语时,动词用单数。Newsistravelingfastnowadays.2.用作国名、组织机构、书名、报刊名等复数形式的专有名词作为整体对待,谓语用单数。TheTimesreportsthenewsofthestrike.GreatExpectationswaswrittenbyDickensin1860.点津坊如果山脉、群岛、瀑布等名称作主语时,谓语动词用复数。TheGreatLakesliebetweentheUSAandCanada.五大湖在美国和加拿大两国之间。ThePhilippinesareinthewesternPacificOceansoutheastofChina.菲律宾群岛在中国东南太平洋西部。TheNiagaraFallsarethefallsontheNiagaraRiver.尼亚加拉瀑布位于尼亚加拉河上。3.一些形复意单的名词,包括有成双成套部分的衣物或工具名称,作主语时,谓语用复数。Mybluetrousershavebeenwornout.Hisglassesarenew.提示这些名词如用apairof修饰时,谓语动词用单数。Theshoesareunderthebed.鞋在床下。Thepairofshoesisunderthebed.这双鞋在床下。4.单、复数同形名词作主语时,按意义一致的原则,用作单数意义时,谓语用单数;用作复数意义时,谓语有复数。这类名词有:sheep,deer,fish,means,works,species,Chinese,Japanese等。The(This)glassworkswassetupin1986.Thisspeciesofroseisveryrare.比较当这类名词前有a,sucha,this,that,every修饰时,谓语用单数;有all,such,these,those修饰时,谓语用复数。Everymeanshasbeentriedoutwithoutmuchresult.Allmeanshavebeentriedoutwithoutmuchresult.B集合名词作主语集合名词表示有若干个体组成的集合体,如army,audience,class,club,company,crowd,government,group,party,population,team,union等。1.集合名词作主语时,若表示整体概念,谓语动词用单数,若表示构成该集合体的成员,则谓语动词用复数。Hisfamilyarewaitingforhim.Buttheman'sfamilywassmall-onlyhimselfandhiswife.2.有些集合名词,如cattle,folk亲属),people,police,youth等,作主语时,谓语动词用复数,即所谓的“形单意复”。Thepolicehavecaughtthethief.Thecattlearegrazinginthefield.3.有些无生命(表示物)的集合名词作主语,谓语用单数。Allthefurnitureinmyroomisnew.Hasyourluggagearrivedyet?Alotofhikingequipmentisneededhere.C代词作主语1.名词性物主代词作主语时,既可以用作单数,也可以用作复数,这取决于它所代替的是单数还是复数。Oursisagreatcountry.Yourshoesareblack,andminearebrown.2.such,thesame等指示代词作主语时,应根据其所指的内容来决定单、复数。Suchareherwishes.SuchwasAlbertEinstein,asimplemanwithgreatachievements.3.关系代词who,that,which等在定语从句中作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与主句中先行词的数一致。Thosewhowanttogoforapicnicpleaseputupyourhands.点津坊在oneof+复数名词+who/that/which引导的定语从句结构中,关系代词who/that/which的先行词是靠近它的复数名词而不是one,因此,从句中的动词应该是复数形式。但当one之前有the,theonly等修饰语时,关系代词的先行词是one,而不是靠近它的复数名词,因此从句的动词应是单数形式。Sheistheonlyoneofthegirlswhosingsbest.4.疑问代词who,what,which作主语时,谓语动词可根据说话人所要表达的意思决定单、复数。Wholivesupstairs?ItisXiaoWang.Wholivenextdoor?ItisLiandZhang.5.不定代词作主语时,有以下两种情况:①some,all,any,none,more,most等词可以指复数名词和不可数名词,它们作主语时,视其文中的意义,判断动词用单数还是复数的形式。Nonearesogoodasthosewhoarealwaysreadytohelpothers.Noneissogoodashe.提示在口语中,noneof+复数名词作主语,谓语动词用单数或复数均可,要以说话人所想的而定。Noneofthetelephonesworks/work.②some,all,any,none,more,most等词接of时,若of的宾语为不可数名词,动词用单数形式;若of的宾语为复数名词或代词时,动词用复数形式。Mostofthecolourblindpeoplearemen.Mostofhissparetimewasspentinreading.D数词、量词作主语1.数词作主语,不论指人还是指物,谓语通常用复数。Abouttwentyknowthesecret.大约二十人知道这个秘密。Sixaremissing.丢了六个。2.morethanone+单数名词结构作主语,尽管从意义上看是复数,但它的谓语动词用单数形式。但more+复数名词+thanone结构作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。Morethanonepersonhasknownthenews.Morestudentsthanoneareforyourproposal.3.oneoutoften或oneinten结构作主语,谓语动词应按照语法一致的原则,用单数。Oneoutoftenwasbadlyinjuredintheaccident.4.a+单数名词+ortwo结构作主语,谓语动词用单数形式。但oneortwo+复数名词结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