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Grammar语言语义系统语音系统文字系统结构系统(语法)语法层次语法结构的五个层次词素(Morpheme)词(Word)词组(Phrase)分句(Clause)句子(Sentence)morphemes词素（morpheme)freeboundlexical(child)Functional(and)derivational(re-)Inflectional(‘s)词(word)构词法简单词（Simple)派生词（Derivative）复合词（Compound）句法功能功能词（Function）实义祠（Content)分句类型(Typesofclauses)Independent(main;minS+V,complete)独立分句(主干,主谓齐全，完整）Ilovelinguistics.Youbelieveme.Dependent(subordinate;SUBCONJ,incomplete)从属子句（从属，需加连词，不完整）whensheenteredtheroomwhodeliveredthelecture句子类型(Typesofsentences)简单句Simple(oneindependentclause)Shereadthebook.并列句Compound(2independentclausesconnectedwithco-ordinatingconjunctions:并列连词)Shereadthebookbutshedidn’tlikeit。复合句Complex(acombinationofdependent(subordinate)andindependentclauses：从属连词、连接代词、连接副词)Shereadthebookwhileshewasincollege.并列复合句Compound-Complex(2independentclauses+1()dependentclauses)Hejumpedforjoyandscreamedveryloudlywhenhisteamwonthegame.简单句：句子只包含一个主谓结构，且句子的各个成分都是由单词或者短语表示。Aschoolisanimportantplacetostudents.Manypeoplehaveacloserelationshipwiththeirpets.ThestudentsIteachhavemadebettergradesinthepastfewweeks.并列句：两个或两个以上互相独立的主谓结构、由并列连词连接。Olivercametotheparty,butRosedidnot.Everyroominthehousehasitsownfunctionanditisdifficulttoimaginethelifewithoutoneofthem.Tip:根据两个简单句之间的关系—结合、选择、转折，因果，选择不同的并列连词结合：and,both…and,aswellas,notonly…butalso选择：or,either…or,neither…nor.orelse..Otherwise转折：but,yet,however,nevertheless,while,whereas因果：for,so,therefore,复合句：两个或两个以上的主谓结构，其中一个(或多个)主谓结构充当句子的某一(些)成分，如：主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、同位语。从属连词、连接代词、连接副词Thisisaninterestingbook.Thisisthebookwhichtheytalkedabout.Everythingdependsontheweather.Whetherwe’llgoonapicnictomorrowdependsontheweather.Hecamehereatseven.Hecameherewhenwewereabouttoleave.主语从句从属连词：whether，that，Thatthedriverwasdrunkisobvious.Whetheryoucomeornotdoesn’tconcernme.连接代词:which,who,whoever,whose,what,whateverWhichteamwillwinthechampionshipisstillnotclear.Whowillbethemonitormakesnodifference.连接副词:how,when,where,why,Howhediditpuzzledusall.Whyhewasabsentfromclassisamystery.Tip:主语从句后置表语从句从属连词：whether，that，asifHelooksasifhedidn’tcare.Thequestioniswhethertheywouldliketohelpus.连接代词:which,who,what,Theproblemiswhichroadweshouldtake.WhatIwanttoknowiswhocanfinishitinoneweek.连接副词:how,when,where,why,Thequestioniswhentheywillarrive.Thatiswhytheystayedtherefortwoweeks.宾语从句从属连词：whether，that，ifIthinkthatyouwanttobeateacherispractical.Idon’tknowwhether/ifhissonisstilllivingwiththem.连接代词:which,who,what,Ireallywanttoknowwhathedidyesterday.Tellmewhichyoulikemost.连接副词:how,when,where,why,Hetolduswherehefoundthatmissingboy.Iaskedhimwhyhedidn’tshowupatthepartylastnight.Tip:宾语从句后置定语从句引导定语从句的关系词，除引导定语从句外，还在定语从句中承担一个句子成分。关系代词：who,whom,whose,which,thatThegirlwhogotthefirstplaceintheEnglishCompetitionismyroommate.Thepolicemanistalkingtoagirlwhoseiphonehasbeenrobbed.ThesearethebooksthatIboughtthroughon-linepurchasing关系副词：when,where,whyDoyoustillrememberthedayswhenweworkedtogether？ShelivedinBeijingforfiveyears,whereshestudiedChinese.Thesearethereasonswhytheydon’tliketheirboss.状语从句时间状语连词或词组：when/while/as,whenever,beforeafter,since,till/until,,assoonas/themoment/theminute,hardly…when/scarcely…when/nosooner…than/instantly/directly,once,every/eachtimeIthinkthatyouwanttobeateacherispractical.Idon’tknowwhether/ifhissonisstilllivingwiththem.We’llleavetheminuteeverythingisready.Ihadhardlysatdownwhenthetelephonerang.Nosoonerhadhearrivedhomethanitbegantorain.地点状语连词：where,wherever,anywhereThepoliceorderedthesuspecttostaywherehewas.Helikestomakefriendswhereverhegoes.Comeinandsitanywhereyoulike.状语从句条件状语连词或词组：if,unless,aslongas/solongas/sofaras,incase,suppose/supposing/providedthat/providing,onconditionthatIfyoucanpracticeenough,youaresuretopassthedrivingtestthistime.I’dliketogoswimmingunlessthewateristoocold.Supposingthathedoesn’thelp,whatshallwedo？原因状语连词：because/since/as/nowthat,consideringthat,seeingSinceyou’renotinterestedinthisTVplay,let’schangethechannel.Nowthatyouaregrownup,youshouldnotrelyonyourparents.状语从句结果状语连词或词组：so…that/such…that,sothat/Thisissuchaheavyboxthatnobodycanmoveit.Hiscarbrokedownhalfwaytothecompanysothathehadtotakeataxi.目的状语连词：that/sothat/inorderthat,lest,forfearthat,incaseThetwoboyswerewhisperingsothattheyshouldnointerruptotherstudents.Wemustcheckthecarregularlysothatitcanrunwell.I’llshowyoutheplaceonthemaplestyoushouldgetlost.You’dbettertakeanumbrellawithyouincaseinrains.状语从句方式状语连词或词组：as,asif,asthough,Thelittlegirllikestodosomethingashermothertellsher.HespeaksChineseasifhewereaChinese.Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.比较状语连词：than,asHestudiesmuchharderthanhisbrother.ThisParkisfarmorebeautifulthanIexpected.让步状语连词：though/although/as/while,evenif/eventhough,however/nomatterhowAlthoughheisyoung,hehasbeeninmaycountries.Hewon’tgotoseethatkindoffilmeventhoughhehastime.Tryashemight,hecouldn’tmovethisstone.同位语从句从属连词：thatThereistruthintheoldsayingthatnecessityisthemotherofinvention.ThereisarumorthatMr.Zhanghasbeendismissed.连接副词:how,when,where,why,IhavenoideahowIcangetthecargoinginsuchcoldweather.Ihavenoideawhyshedroppedoutofschool.Summary:句子类型简单句(SimpleSentenc