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时态一.什么叫时态?在英语中,发生在不同时间的谓语动作或状态要用不同的谓语动词形式表示;有时候,发生在同一时间的谓语动作或状态,由于说话者所强调的方面不同,也要用不同的谓语动词形式表示.这里所说的不同的谓语动词形式就是我们常说的不同的谓语时态.二.时态跟时间状语有关1.一般现在时(often/always/sometimes/usually/occasionally/atpresent/everymorning…)Childrenusuallypickupforeignlanguagesveryquickly.Everydaysheisthelasttoleavetheoffice.构成法:is/am/are,do/does2.一般过去时(often/always/occasionally/5daysago/lastweek/5dayslater/after5days/theyearbeforelast/onJuly1,1986…)OftenIdidnotseePapauntiltheevening.Healwayswenttoworkonfoot.IwasborninJuly,1987.3.一般将来时(infuture/inthefuture/fromnowon/soon/in5years/nextyear/inthe22ndcentury…)Infuture,we’llpaymoreattentiontotheprotectionofourenvironment.Myfatherwillbebackhomeinafewdays.构成法:动词过去式构成法:will/shall+动词原形(“is/am/areto+动词原形”或“is/am/aregoingto+动词原形”)4.过去将来时(soon/inafewdays/thenextweek…)Johntoldmethathewouldgoabroadthenextday.Thegovernmentpromisedthathelpwouldcomesoon.5.现在进行时(now/justnow/atthemoment…)Sheisfeedingthebabyrightnow.6.过去进行时(then/at10yesterdaymorning/thistimeyesterday/atthattime…)Whatwereyoudoingthistimeyesterdayevening?构成法:would/should+动词原形构成法:is/am/are+动词现在分词构成法:was/were+动词现在分词7.将来进行时(thistimetomorrow/at8nextMonday/whenyourplanelandsattheairportofShanghai…)WhenyourplanelandsattheairportofShanghai,wewillstillbesleeping.8.现在完成时(fortenyears/sincefiveyearsago/sincetheygotmarried/sofar/inthepastfewdays/inthelast3years/inrecentyears…)Sofar,nothinghasbeendonetostoppollutingtheriver.Thingshavechangedinrecentweeks.Mumhasbeenillforseveraldays.构成法:will/shallbe+动词现在分词构成法:has/have+动词过去分词9.过去完成时(formanyyears/sincehewasborn/by2000/bythetimeWorldWarIIbrokeout/afewyearsbefore…)Bysixo’clock,theyhadworkedtwelvehours.Bythetimehecameback,Ihadgonetobed.Whenhewokeup,everythinghadchanged.10.将来完成时(bytheendofthisyear/bythetimeIgraduatefromcollege…)BythetimeIgraduatefromcollege,IshallhavestayedinWuhanforfouryears.构成法:had+动词过去分词构成法:will/shallhave+动词过去分词11.现在完成进行时(fortwohours/since5o’clockthismorning…)Ihavebeenwaitingforyousince5o’clockthismorning.12.过去完成进行时(foralongtime/since1999…)Howlonghaditbeenrainingbeforeyoushutthewindow?构成法:has/havebeen+动词现在分词构成法:hadbeen+动词现在分词三.几种容易用错的时态用法比较在英语实际应用中,并非都会出现前面提到的时间状语帮你决定谓语用什么时态.高考对谓语时态的考查主要是通过语境来进行的.下面我们来分析、比较几种容易用错的时态.1.一般过去时与过去进行时的用法比较Yesterdayafternoon,hemeapictureinoils.Nowletmeshowittoyou.(强调paint这一动作过去已做过.即:画已画好.)Yesterdayafternoon,hemeapicture.NowI‘mgoingtoseewhetherhehasfinishedit.(强调paint这一动作过去在进行,但未交代是否已做完)paintedwaspainting-----Whydidn’tyouanswermyphonecalllastnight?-----Sorry,butI_______abath.A.tookB.hadtakenC.wastakingD.wasgoingtotake2.一般现在时与现在进行时用法比较Janewashesherownclothes.(指通常衣服都是她自己洗)Janeiswashingherownclothesinthebathroom.(强调暂时性,未完成,且未交代平时衣服是否自己洗)Themanageriskindtousall.(指经理的一贯态度)Themanagerisbeingkindtousallnow.(强调暂时性态度,表示平时对我们大家并不善良)C3.一般过去时与过去完成时用法比较客人们昨天已经离开上海.TheguestsleftShanghaiyesterday.(说明left发生在昨天)他说客人们已经离开上海.HesaidtheguestshadleftShanghai.(强调hadleft发生在said之前,即:过去的过去)AlltheguestshadleftShanghaibyyesterday.(既然是截止到昨天,那就说明是在包括昨天在内的以前已经陆续“离开”)4.一般过去时与现在完成时用法比较Oh,myGod!Ican’tgetin.I__________mykey.ButIdon’tknowwhenandwhereI___________it.havelost/lost/hadlost/mustlose(前一个空用现在完成时强调“丢失”对现在造成的影响:没有找到,无法进门;后一句则强调“丢失”是在过去何时何地发生的.)四.时态的替代1.在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,要用一般时代替将来时,即:用一般现在时代替一般将来时,用一般过去时代替过去将来时,用现在进行时代替将来进行时,用现在完成时代替将来完成时.havelostlostTaketheumbrellawithyouincaseitrains.----Don’tallowhimtowatchTVunlesshehasfinishedhishomework.----OK.IfheiswatchingTVbuthasn’tfinishedhishomework,I’llturnofftheTV.时间状语从句引导词:themoment,assoonas,when,before,after,until条件状语从句引导词:once,incase,onconditionthat,if,unless,aslongas2.nomatter加疑问词以及疑问词与ever构成的合成词引出的从句中,要用一般现在时代替一般将来时.Whereveryougo,youwillgetawarmwelcome.3.有部分动词(主要是短暂性动作动词)可以用进行时代替将来时,即:用现在进行时代替一般将来时,用过去进行时代替过去将来时.(也可用将来时)Areyoudoinganythingspecialthisevening?=Areyougoingtodoanythingspecialthisevening?I’mafraidhe’sdyingsoon.=I’mafraidhe’lldiesoon.IwastoldthatshewasleavingforNewYorkthenextday.=IwastoldshewouldleaveforNewYorkthenextday.4.在以下短语后面的从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时:makesure,makecertain,seetoit,besure等.Pleaseseetoitthatallthewindowsareclosedbeforeleavingthelab.5.凡是按预定时间表将要发生的动作也可用一般现在时代替一般将来时,例如:汽车、火车、轮船、飞机、上下课等.(也可用一般将来时)Hisplanetakesoffat11:30.Let’shurryandseehimoff.6.含有always的谓语用现在进行时代替一般现在时,表示反感、反对、赞扬、欣赏等感情色彩.Sheisalwaysthrowingherthingsaround.五.两个特殊句型的时态1.在先行词被形容词最高级修饰的定语从句中,要用完成时.HeistheclevereststudentIhaveevertaught.Shethoughtthatwasthebestfilmshehadeverseen.2.在先行词是thefirst/secondtime的定语从句中,也要用完成时.ThisisthethirdtimeIhavevisitedthemuseum.Thatwasthesecondtimehehadbeenthere.六.值得注意的两点1.一般来说,只有延续性动作动词才有进行时态(包括现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成进行时、过去完成进行时),如果短暂性动作动词、终止性动词和状态动词用在进行时态中,则不表示动作正在进行,而是表示将来或别的含义.IwastoldthatshewasleavingforNewYorkthenextday.Themanagerisbeingkindtousallnow.(强调暂时性态度,表示平时对我们大家并不善良)2.只有延续性动作动词和状态动词才可以与表示一段时间的状语(如:for3days,sincelastNovember)连用.Shehascaughtabadcoldforacoupleofdays.hashad