词汇学4-词的构成

WordFormation(II)OverviewBlendingClippingAcronymBackformationOthersourcesofnewwordsBlending:combiningpartsoftwowordsorawordplusapartofanotherwordflush(flash&blush)smog(smoke&fog)1.head+tail:autocide,motel2.head+head:comsat(communationssatellite)sitcom(situationcomedy)3.head+word:medicare,Eurasia4.word+tail:lunarnaut,workfareClipping:shorteningalongerwordbycuttingapartofftheoriginalandusingwhatremainsinstead1.frontclipping:quake(earthquake),phone(telephone)2.backclipping:dorm(dormitory),memo(memorandum)3.fronandbackclipping:flu(influenza),fridge(refrigerator)4.Phraseclipping:pub(publichouse),popNote:changesinspellingandpronunciationfridge,bike,mike,cokeAcronymy:joiningtheinitiallettersofnamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationorspecialnounphrasesandtechnicalterms1.Initialisms:pronouncedletterbyletterVOA,BBC,UFO2.Acronyms:pronouncedasanormalwordNATO,AIDS,TESOL,IELTSNote:Someacronymsareformedwiththeinitialletterofthefirstwordplusthewholeofthesecond.G-man,V-dayBack-formation:removingthesupposedsuffixeseditor---editbutler---butle1.abstractnounsdiagnosediagnosisdonatedonationenthuseenthusiasmemoteemotion2.Humannounsloafloaferburgleburglarbegbeggarsculptsculptor3.Compoundnounsandothersmerrymakemerrymakingbabysitbabysitter4.AdjectivesdrowsedrowsylazelazyTraditionalSourcesofNewWordsWordsFromProperNamesReduplicationNeoclassicalFormationMiscellaneousWordsfromProperNounsAnotherminortypeofword-formationisthecoinageofcommonwordsfrompropernames.Thetransitionfrompropernamestocommonwordsisagradualone.Theycomefromallsources,fromnamesofscientists,politiciansandstatesmentotrademarks,andplacenames.Somehaveoriginatedfromcharactersinliterature,TVfilmsandmovies,butsomealsocomefrombooktitles.WordsfromProperNames1.Namesofpeople:Watt,Ohm,pasteurize2.Namesofplaces:china,champagne3.Namesofbooks:utopia4.Tradenames:nylon,orlon,dacron,rayonReduplicationReduplicationisaminortypeofword-formationbywhichacompoundwordiscreatedbytherepetition:ofonewordlikego-go;oftwoalmostidenticalwordswithachangeinthevowelssuchaspingpong;oftwoalmostidenticalwordswithachangeintheinitialconsonants,asinwilly-nilly“willinglyorunwillingly”Otherexamples:tick-tick(ofawatch);zigzag(alinewhichturnsrightandleftalternativelyatsharpangles);fiddle-faddle(triflingmatters);yo-yo(astupidorfoolishperson);no-no(sth.thatisunacceptableorforbidden).Neo-classicalFormationNeoclassicalformationdenotestheprocessbywhichwordsareformedfromelementsderivedfromLatinandGreek(asintelephone).Themajorityofneoclassicalformationsarescientificandtechnical.astrochemistryn.“thestudyofchemicalcompositionofheavenlybodiesandtheregionsofouterspace”.centisecondn.“onehundredthofasecond”.Noeclassicalformationplaysaprominentroleinword-formationtoday,esp.increatingnewscientificterms.MiscellaneousGenuinecoinageisrare.AnAmericanphysicistMurrayGell-Manncoinedthewordquarkasthenameofanimaginaryparticlebearingachargeofelectricity.Somenewwordsarecoinedbyanalogy(类推法):earthquake-----youthquakeairpollution-----environmentpollutionhandbag-----airbagsunrise-----earthrisefutureshock-----cultureshocknightmare-----daymareConclusionSidebysidewiththeproliferationofpolysyllabiccompoundsandderivations,thereistheoppositetendencytousemonosyllabicwords.Thesetwocontrarytendenciesoperatesimultaneouslyinword-formationintheEnglishlanguage.Hencewehavetheprocessofshortening.Acronyms(includinginitialisms)andclippingareallprocessesofshorteningwordsorwordgroups.Acronymyisaprocessinwhichanewwordisformedfromthefirstlettersofitscomponentwords;clippingisatypeofshorteningtocoinanewwordbysubtractingoneormoresyllablesfromawordwithoutchangeinitsword-class.Soacronymyandclippingaretheoppositeofcompoundingandderivation,whereabaseisaddedtoanotherbaseintheformer,andanaffixoracombiningformisaddedtothebaseinthelatter.Asaresultofcompoundingandderivation,wordsbecomelongerandlongerinform,whereasbytheprocessesofacronymyandclipping,wordsaremadeshorter.TheseshorteningprocesseshavebecomeincreasinglyproductiveinmodernEnglish,esp.sincethebeginningofthe20thcentury.Initialismsandacronymsarebasedonthewrittenlanguage.Newinitialismsandacronymsarecoinedatanexceedinglyrapidrateforthetechnicaltermsandthenamesoforganizations.Clippings,althoughnotverynumerous,arecommonlyusedincolloquialEnglish.Theyarespaceandtimesaver.Blendingistomakeanewwordbyusingapartoftwocomponentwords(orwithonewordretainingitsfullform).Blendsareontherise,too.Back-formationisalsoaprocessofshortening,andplaysasignificantroleinthecoinageofverbsandcompounds.Propernameshavebecomeanothersourceofnewwordsingeneraluse.NeoclassicalformationisquiteproductiveinModernEnglish;itisanimportantprocessincreatingnewscientificterms.Reduplicationisnotveryproductive,butwhenusedappropriately,canproduceveryeffectivewords.Theseminortypesofword-formation,togetherwiththethreemajortypesofword-formationarethemeansbywhichnewwordsarecreatedintheEnglishlanguage.Genuinecoinagesarerare.Aknowledgeofword-formationis,therefore,oneofthemosteffectiveaidstotheexpandingofone’svocabulary,andisofgreatvalueininferrin