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ClassificationofVocabulary•ActiveVocabulary:•speakingvocabulary•writingvocabulary•PassiveVocabulary:•readingvocabulary•guessvocabulary•Shakespear24,000•JohnMilton16,000•Churchill90,000•T.S.Eliot100,000WaysofWord-formation•Derivation（派生法）derivative•Composition（复合法）compound•Conversion(转化法）•Abbreviation:（缩略法）•clippedword（截短词）•Initialism(首字母缩略词）•Acronym（首字母拼音词)•blend(拼缀词）MethodsofWord-formation••Englishaffixescanbedividedintoprefixesandsuffixes.•Whatisprefixes?•Whatissuffixes?•Whatarethemostimportantproductiveprefixesandsuffixesrespectively?•Someofthemostimportantproductiveprefixesare:•1.Prefixeswithnegativemeaning:•un-,dis-,in-,im-,ir-,il-,de-•2.Prefixeswithothermeaningvarietiesare:•Re-,mis-,anti-,ex,pre-,post-,fore-,self-,super,sub-,inter-,trans-,ultra-,semi-,vice-,uni-,bi,multi-auto-,•英语的前缀和后缀在语法功能、语义、以及与词根关系的密切程度上是不同的，大多数后缀会改变词根的词性，大多数前缀不影响词根的词性和其他语法范畴，只是对词根的语义加以修饰或限制。从这个意义上说，前缀的作用与副词相仿，可以表示方式、态度、程度、时间、地点、否定等概念。表示方式的前缀•：•Mis-misleadmiscaculate•Mal-maltreatmalnutrition•Co-cooperatecochairman表示态度的前缀：•Anti-anti-socialanti-war•Counter-counter-revolutioncounter-charge•Re-reactresist•Pro-pro-AmericanPro-communist•表示程度的前缀•Super-supermansuperpower•Under-underfeedunderdevelopment•Over-overcarefuloverdo•表示时间的前缀•Pre-prenatal•Post-post-war•Ex-exserviceman•Re-rebuild•表示地点的前缀•Inter-•Trans-trans-Atlantic•Super-superstructure(上层建筑）•Over-overhead（在头顶上的）•Sub-subway•Under-underground•英语中只有三个前缀能决定词性：•En-en使……处于什么状态•Enslaveembodyendangerenrich•Enlargeensureendear•Be-befriendbenumbbelittle•Becalm•A-a-主要用来使动词或名词变为表语性的形容词•Asleepastrayastirafireafoot(徒步）SomeExamplesforUnusualPrefix•Forexample:•Non-scientificmeansrelatingtofieldsotherthanscience.•Unscientificmeansnotscientific(notusedinscientificwork,notshowingscientificknowledgeorfamiliaritywithscientificmethods.•De-•1)reversingtheaction.•Desegregate,detrain,decentralize,degenerate.•Deregulate–toremovefromregulation•Theycontendthatonlylong-termderegulationofgaspriceswillencourageindustrytodrillnewwells.•2)deprivingof•Deform,defrost,deice,dehydrate,demagnetizeTwoMoreNotes•1.Ineastwards,moonwards,eastwards,northwards,the“s”willbeslippedinAmericanEnglish,but–wardsisverycommoninspokenAmE.•2.Clockwise---inthedirectioninwhichthehandsofaclockmoveiflookedatfromthefront.Buteducation-wisemeansasfaraseducationisconcerned.MatchWork•Dis-greaterormorethan•Un-among•Pseudo-notenough•Macro-beingagainst•Super-large•Under-reverse•Anti-false•Inter-theoppositeof•Dis-theoppositeof:disloyal,disobey•Un-reverse:unhorse,unwrap•Pseudo-false:pseudo-science,pseudo-modern•Macro-large:macrocosm,macroeconomics•Super-greaterormorethan,superego,superstar,supernatural,superpower•Under-notenough,underdeveloped,underestimate,•Anti-beingagainst,anti-nuclear,anti-government•Inter-among,intermarriage.•Multi-single,•Mono-opposite,against•Counter-many•Mal-toomuch•Over-bad,wrong.SomeExamples•Multi-colored,multistory,monologue,monorail,counterattack,counterrevolution,malformation,malpractice,overeat,overexcited.MoreChallenges!•Changethefollowingverbsintonouns.•Dismiss,attend,protect,decide,judge,carry,survive,link,build,perform,refuse,store,declare,explore,paint.HowDidYouDoIt?•Dismissal,attendance,protection,decision,judgment,carriage,survival,linkage,building,performance,refusal,storage,declaration,exploration,painting.Exercises1Formtheoppositesofthefollowingbyaddingprefixestothem:resistible,contented,mobile,exact,literate,stop,comfortable,washed,payment,relevant,visible,honest,logical,modest.CheckYourAnswers:)•Irresistible,discontented,immobile,inexact,impatient,illiterate,nonstop,uncomfortable,unwashed,nonpayment,Irrelevant,invisible,dishonest,illogical,immodest.•Pickouttheaffixedwordsfromthefollowingsentences,andstatethemeaningoftheaffixineachcase.•1.Don’tletthedefrosttooquickly.•2.“Inmyhappiernightmare”,headds,“Iseemyselfattendingananitplaywithanantiaudienceafteradinnerpreparedbyananticook”•3.Hewasneitheranti-norpro-slaveryalthoughtheairwasstormywithabolitionsentimentanditsopposition.