新概念英语第二册语法总结沪江英语现在一般时:1.构成:使用动词原形,第三人称单数须有变化。(1)直接加“s”,works,takes(2)以辅音加“y”结尾,变“y”为“i”,再加“es”(3)以“o,s,x,ch,sh”结尾的动词加“es”goesdresseswatchesbrushes2.功能:(1)表现在的事实、状态或动作:eg►.Birdsfly.►.Shelovesmusic.►.Mary'sparentsgetupveryearly.(2)表习惯性动作或职业,常与often,sometimes,usually,always,everyweek,seldom,occasionally,frequently等时间副词连用。eg►.Ialwaystakeawalkaftersupper.►.Shewritestomeveryoften.►.Tomandhisgirlfriendgoouttotakeapicnicoccasionally.(3)表客观真理,格言警句或事实:eg►.Theearthmovesroundthesun.►.Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.►.Twoandtwomakesfour.►.Nomanbuterrs.人非圣贤,熟能无过。(4)表将来:A.在由when,after,before,as,assoonas,although,because,if,evenif,incase,till,until,unless,solongas,where,whatever,wherever等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时表将来发生的动作。(黄金重点,所有考试都不放过它!)eg►.I'lltellherwhenshecomestomorrow.►.Evenifitrainsthisafternoon,I'llmeetyou.►.Whateverhappens,youshouldkeepcool-headed.(不错的句型,背下!!)►.I'llberightherewaitingforyouwhereveryougo.(很感人的句型!)B.按时间表示将要发生的动作或事件,用一般现在时表达将来时概念。eg►.Theplaybeginsat6:30thisevening.►.Whendoestheplanetakeoff?►.Heleavesforthatcitynextweek.►.Accordingtothetimetable,theexpresstraintoShanghaistartsatnineinthemorning.(按照时刻表,开往上海的特快列车早上7点出发。)现在进行时:1.构成:is/am/are+现在分词2.功能:(1)表示现在正在进行的动作。►.Thekettleisboiling.ShallImaketea?►.Don'tyouthinkyoueattoomuch?You'reputtingonweight.►.Theworkersarebuildinganewbridgeacrosstheriver.(2)表现阶段正进行的动作。►.Heistakingphysicsthissemester.►.Wearepreparingforourfinalexaminationthisweek.(3)go,come,leave,arrive,land,meet,die,start,return,join,etc.用于进行时态时表示即将开始的动作。►.Look!Thebusiscoming.看!车来了!►.Theoldmanisseriouslyill,andheisdying.►.AliceisleavingforBeijingwithhermother.(4)与always,forever,continually,constantly等副词连用,表示说话人带有感情色彩:赞赏或厌恶。►.Heisalwaysthinkingofothers.(他总是想着别人。)►.Theboyiscontinuallymakingnoises.(这男孩不断地发出吵闹声。)►.Theteacherisconstantly(always)criticizingherforbeinglate.(老师一直在批评她迟到。)(5)下面表示状态、感觉、情绪、精神活动的动词不可用于进行时。(此条戒律请背10遍!!!)believe(相信),doubt(怀疑),see(看见),hear(听见),know(知道),understand(理解),belong(属于),think(认为),consider(认为),feel(觉得),look(看起来),seem(看上去),show(显示),mind(介意),have(有),sound(听起来),taste(尝起来),require(要求),possess(拥有),care(关心),like(喜欢),hate(讨厌),love(喜爱),detest(憎恨),desire(意欲)【简单记忆】●永远不要说I'mbelieving...或Heisseeingahouse.再简单一点说,这些动词后面不要随意加-ing.●可怕的是:我们在写作及口语中常犯此类大错!●注意:haveaparty/thinkabout可以用进行时,因为这里have意为“举行”;think意为“考虑”。现在完成时:1.构成:have/has+过去分词2.功能:(1)表示过去所发生的动作对现在的影响或产生的结果。常与yet,just,before,recently,lately(最近),ever,never等表时间的副词搭配使用。►.Hehasn'tseenherlately.►.Ihaven'tfinishedthebookyet.(2)表示一个从过去某个时间开始,延续到现在并可能持续下去的动作,常与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。如:sofar(迄今为止),uptillnow(直到现在),since,foralongtime(很长时间),uptopresent(直到现在),inthepast/inthelastfewyears(在过去的几年里),thesedays(目前)……►.Hehasworkedherefor15years.►.IhavestudiedEnglishsinceIcamehere.►.TheforeignerhasbeenawayfromChinaforalongtime.►.Sofar,Ihaven'treceivedasingleletterfrommybrother.(3)某些非延续性动词(即:动作开始便终止的动词),在现在完成时中不能与表示一段时间状语搭配。黄金要点:I.常见的非延续动词:die,arrive(到达),join(加入),leave(离开),go,refuse(拒绝),fail(失败),finish,buy,marry,divorce(离婚),awake(醒),buy,borrow,lend...(背三遍!)II.这类动词并非不能用现在完成时,而是不能接常由for引导的时间状语。III.但若是用在否定句中,非延续动词的现在完成时可以与表示一段时间的状语连用。►.Shehasgoneawayforamonth.(误)►.Shehasbeenawayforamonth(正)►.Themanhasdiedfortwoyears.(误)►.Themanhasbeendeadfortwoyears.(正)►.Howlonghaveyouboughtthebook?(误)►.Howlonghaveyougotthebook.(正)(4)注意since的用法:►.Theyhaven'thadanytroublesincetheycamehere.►.Ithasbeentenyearssincewemetlasttime.►.Hehasbeenheresince1980.►.Hehasbeenheresincetenyearsago.现在完成进行时:1.构成:have/has+been+现在分词2.功能:(1)表示从过去某时开始发生,一直延续到现在且可能延续下去的动作。(最好将此定义读5遍)►.I'vebeenwaitingforanhourbutshehasn'tcome.►.Hehasbeenrunningafterherfor8years.(2)表某种感情色彩。►.I'vebeenwantingtoseeyouforsomanyyears.►.Who'sbeentellingyousuchnonsense.现在完成时与现在完成进行时的对比:现在完成时强调“结果”,而完成进行时强调“动作的延续”。►.Ihavethoughtofit.(我已想到了这一点。)►.Ihavebeenthinkingofit.(我一直在想这一点。)►.Jimhaspaintedthedoor.(杰姆已将门油漆过了。)►.Jimhasbeenpaintingthedoor.(杰姆一直在油漆门。)过去一般时:功能:(1)表示过去某个特定时间或某一段时间发生的动作或情况。►.Wevisitedtheschoollastspring.►.IwenttoschoolbybikewhenIwasinmiddleschool.►.Chinawasfoundedin1949.(2)在表示时间或条件等的状语从句中代替过去将来时。►.Shetoldmethatshewouldnotgowithusifitrainedthenextday.►.Theywouldnotleaveuntilshecameback.►.Myfriendpromisedtomarrymeonceshemadeherfinaldecision.一般过去时,现在时和过去时的几组差异:(别以为这很简单,下面的差异你不一定明白。)►.Herbrotherwasachemist.(已去世)►.Herbrotherisachemist.(尚健在)►.That'sallIhadtosay.(话已说完)►.That'sallIhavetosay.(言之未尽)►.Itwassonicetoseeyou.(离别时用)►.Itissonicetoseeyou.(见面时用)►.Janedidalotofworkthismorning.(已是当天下午或晚上)►.Janehasdonealotofworkthismorning.(仍是上午)[本句现在完成时,此乃后话!]过去进行时:1.构成:were/was+现在分词2.功能:(1)表示过去某一时刻或阶段正在发生的动作。►.Iwasplayingchessat8yesterdayevening.►.WhenIarrived,theywerewatchingTV.►.Theyweredoinghouseworkthistimelastweek.(2)用于条件状语从句中表示过去将来进行的动作。►.Shetoldmetowakehimupifshewassleeping.►.IaskedmyfriendtowarnmeaboutitaslongasIwasdrivingtoofast.过去完成时:1.构成:had+过去分词2.功能:(1)表示过去某个动作或某个具体时间之前已经发生、完成的动作。“过去的过去”。►.TheyhadgoteverythingreadybeforeIcame.►.TheplayhadbegunbeforeIgottothetheaterwithmyboyfriend.(2)过去完成时常用于hardly/scarcely...when,nosooner...than等固定句型结构中。(此乃超级重点句型,意为:“一……就”)►.Shehadhardly/scarcelygonetobedwhenthebellrang.►.Nosoonerhadhearrivedatther