4-5.名词,限定词,代词解析

NOUN&NOUNPHRASELectureFourI.Definition&classificationofthenounII.NounswithdualclassmembershipIII.PluralformsofthenounIV.CaseofthenounV.PracticeDefinition•ANOUNisthenameofaperson,place,orthing,somestate,quality,oractionetc.•Ashasbeenpointedout,theNOUNPHRASEisaphrasewithanounasitshead.Itisthenounheadthatdeterminesthewaythenounphraseisorganized.ClassificationofthenounNounscanbeclassifiedaccordingtowordformationlexicalmeaninggrammaticalformClassificationofthenoun专有名词Propern.名词个体名词Individualn.:country,house可数名词集体名词Collectiven.:family,committee普通名词Commonn.物质名词Materialn.:water,cotton,air不可数名词抽象名词Abstractn.:strength,loveNounswithdualclassmembership•Shewasabeautyinheryouth.(individualnoun)•Shehadgreatbeautyinheryouth.(abstractnoun)•Twentyyouthsattendedthemeeting.(individualnoun)•TheyouthofChinahaveideas.(collectivenoun)•Thestormdidgreatdamagetothecrops.(abstractnoun)•Thecourtorderedhimtopay￥10,000damagestothepersonhehadhurt.(individualnoun)•Don’tcountthechickensbeforetheyarehatched.(individualnoun)•Doyoulikeboiledchicken?(materialnoun)•ThousandsofLeiFengsemergedinChinaafterhisdeath.(Propernounindividualnoun)•Sheshowedmemuchkindness/manykindnesses.•物质名词以复数形式出现，表示巨大的数量或范围，且有文学色彩。如：•FormonthstheytraveledthroughthesandsoftheGobi.•Theysailedonthegreatwaters.江河•Thehighsnows高原积雪•theSnowsofKilimanjaroPartitivenoun/Unitnoun单位词单位词是表示事物个体性的词语。英语的可数名词可与单位词搭配表示“一群”、“一帮”等意义；不可数名词一般不可以个数计算，要表示这类名词的个体性也得用单位词。1.Weboughtanew________offurniture.2.Johnpulledouta________ofgrassfromthegarden.3.Theyhaven’thada________ofrainforatleast2years.4.Ineeda________ofsugarformycoffee.5.Jacksonpulleda_________ofchangefromhispocket.6.Therewasn’tan_________ofcornleftinthevegetablegarden.7.Wesawa________oflightninginthesky.10piecebladedroplumphandfulearflash表物体形状的单位词acakeofsoapabarofchocolate/soapabladeofgrassastickofcelery/incenseanearofcorn/barley/millet(小米）/wheataflightofstairs/stepsaloafofbreadasheetofpaperasliceofmeat/bacon/breadastripofclothagrainofrice/salt/sandalumpofsugaraheadofcabbage/lettuce/garlic11表物品集合的单位词aheapofashes/books/bones/leavesapileofbills/bricks/cushions/rubbishabunchofflowers/grapes/keysabundleofsticks/strawaclusterofflowers/islandsaseriesoffilms/lecturesatuftoffeathers/grass/hair/beardacollectionofstampsapacket/packofcigarettes12表人群的单位词acrowdofpeople/studentsanarmyofsoldiersabandofmusiciansabenchofjudges/examinersachoirofsingersacrewofsailorsagroupofchildrenapartyofguestsastaffofteachersatroupeofactorsagangofhooligans/rascals/thieves/robbersamobofrebelsateamofplayers13表动物群的单位词alitterofpuppiesabroodofchickensaclusterofantsaflockofbirds/sheepaswarmofants/bees/waspsapackofwolves/houndsaschooloffish/whalesabevyoflarks(百灵鸟)ashoaloffish/shrimpsaherdofcattle/elephant14表长度、重量、容量、面积的单位词a(n)inch/foot/yard/meterofclotha(n)ounce/pound/gram/kilo/tonofflouragallon/liter/pint/quartofoila(n)acre/hectareofland15表容器的单位词abottleofbeer/milkabowlofrice/soupabasketofeggs/fruitasackofrice/sugaraglassofwaterapail/bucketofwaterabarrelofbrandy/powderapacketofbiscuitsajarofstrawberryjamalorryload/shipload/trainload/truckloadofcoalahandful/mouthful/spoonfulofrice16表方式、状态的单位词afitofanger/coughing/laughter/fever/temperapealofapplause/laughter/thunderaburstoflaughter/applausearayofhope/light/sunshineaflashoflightning/light/hopeadisplayofcourage/force/power/skill/fireworks17ExercisesA___ofcattleA___ofwhalesA___ofantsA___ofchickensA___ofsandA___ofenvelopesA___ofcigarAchoirof___Agangof___Aclusterof___Asuiteof___Aheadof___Apieceof___Alibraryof___18Pluralformsofthenoun1.Introduction•朴实之中有一种美。Thereisabeautyinsimplicity.•许多牲畜在去年的大雪中死去。Manyanimalsdiedinlastyear’sheavysnows.•统治者掠夺了他们的劳动果实。Therulersrobbedthemofthefruitsoftheirtoil.•我们来到十字路口。Wecametoacrossroads.•这是达到目的的一种手段。Thisisameanstoanend.•引起这些谣言得怪传媒。Themediais//aretoblameforstartingtherumors.•今天的青年比我们过去处境要好。Theyouthoftodayis//arebetteroffthanweusedtobe.•他是一个披着羊皮的狼。Heisawolfinsheep’sclothing.•他毫不犹豫的同意了。Heagreedwithoutamoment’shesitation.•布朗先生的那个太太老是抱怨。ThatwifeofMr.Brown’sisconstantlycomplaining.2.TheformofnounpluralsA:pronunciation:/s//z//iz/•/p,t,k,f/等清辅音后发/s/cups,hats,cakes,roofs•/s,z,$,d$/等浊辅音后发/iz/glasses,roses,brushes,matches•其他情况发/z/days,beds•注意：在长元音，双元音后，ths读作…….baths,paths•在短元音或辅音及字母rth后，ths读作……cloths,moths,berths职位,lengths•特殊：youth,truthB:Irregularplurals&Pluralsofthecompoundnouns•goose---geese鹅,ox---oxen公牛,louse---lice虱子,brethren教友•touch-me-nots凤仙花,go-betweens,woman-haters,man-eaters•runners-up,men-of-war军舰,grants-in-aid拨款,comrades-in-arms•menservants,womendoctors外来语复数①us---i/ai/stimulus---stimuli;locus---loci地点;alumnus---alumni男校友②a---ae/i:/alumna---alumnae女校友;alga---algae海藻;larva---larvae幼虫③um—a/e/curriculum---curricula课程;addendum---addenda附录bacterium---bacteria,medium---media,datum---data④is---es/i:z/thesis-theses;diagnosis-diagnoses;basis-bases;analysis-analyses;⑤on---acriterion---criteria,phenomenon---phenomena注意：data,memoranda,media,criteria在通俗英语中有时做单数使用。Thisdataiscollectedfromreliablesources.Hetookoutamemoranda.C.其他复