实用会计英语课件1-18

1-1GeneralViewofAccountingCHAPTER11-2Introductionofaccounting*Oneoftheoldestprofessions*Participatedinthedevelopmentofnations,trade,finance,moneyandbanking*Double-entrybookkeepingfueledtheRenaissance1-3IntroductionofaccountingLucaPacioli(1445-1517)SummadiArithmeticatreatiseonbook-keepingPeoplehaveunderstoodaccountingonascientificprincipleinItaly1-4IntroductionofaccountingJohnGough,1543ThefirstknownEnglishbookonaccounting1-5IntroductionofaccountingThefirstpublicrecognitionofaccountantsABankruptcyActIn1831Itmentionsaccountantsalongsidemerchantsandbankersasproperlyskilledtoconductaudits.1-6IntroductionofaccountingManagementaccountingWorldWarOne(1914-1918)Accountantsassistinthecontrolofcostsinrelationtotheproductionofammunitions:bullets,bombs,explosives,etc.1-7IntroductionofaccountingAftertheSecondWorldWarDevelopmentofaccountingEnronfinancialscandalInAugust2002,theSarbanes-OxleyActispassedintheUnitedStates.1-8AccountingDefinitionAccounting≠BookkeepingItisthemeansofrecordingtransactionsandkeepingrecords.AccountingBookkeepingBookkeepingistheday-to-dayrecord-keepinginvolvedintheprocessofaccounting.1-9AccountingDefinitionAccountingAccuratefinancialreportsUsefultomanagers,regulators,andshareholders,creditorsorowners1-10AccountingDefinitionMajorgoalofaccountingAnalysisInterpretationUseofinformation1-11AccountingDefinitionTheAmericanInstituteofCertifiedPublicAccountants“Theartofrecording,classifying,andsummarizinginasignificantmannerandintermsofmoney,transactionsandeventswhichare,inpartatleast,ofafinancialcharacter,andinterpretingtheresultsthereof.”(AICPA)Earlydefinitionsofaccountingfocusedonthetraditionalrecord-keepingfunctionsoftheaccountant.1-12AccountingDefinitionThemoderndefinitionofaccountingItisdefinedasaninformationsystemthatmeasures,processes,andcommunicatesfinancialinformationaboutanidentifiableeconomicentity.EncyclopediaAccountingisdefinedastheprocessofmaintaining,auditing,andprocessingfinancialinformationforbusinesspurposes.1-13AccountingDefinitionThemodernaccountantrecord-keepingPlanningandproblemsolvingEvaluationReviewandAuditing1-14AccountingDefinitionBusinessactivitiesAccountingDataUsefulinformationDecisionmakers1-15TheUsersofAccountingInformationUsers1.thosewhohaveadirectinterestinthebusinessincludingmanagement;2.thosewhohaveindirectinterestinthebusiness.1-16UserswithDirectFinancialInterestPresentandPotentialInvestorsPresentandPotentialCreditorsManagement1-17ManagementManagementManagementisthegroupinabusinesswhohasoverallresponsibilityforoperatingthebusinessandforachievingthebusinessgoals.InasmallbusinessOwnersofthebusinessInalargebusinessHiredmanagers1-18MajorfunctionofaccountingToprovidemanagementwithrelevantandusefulinformationSuchas:whatwasthecompany’snetincomeduringthepastyear?Whatproductsaremostprofitable?Whatisthecostofmanufacturingeachproduct?Management1-19PresentandPotentialInvestorsTheyareinterestedinthepastsuccessofthebusinessanditspotentialearningsinthefuture.OperatingresultsofbusinessProfitsharingpolicyMakedecisionsWhethertoincrease,ordecreaseinvestments1-20PresentandPotentialCreditorsTheyareinterestedinwhetherthecompanywillhavethecashtopaytheinterestandrepaythedebtatfixedtime.BanksFinancecompaniesMortgagecompaniesSecuritiesfirmsInsurancefirmsSuppliersIndividuals1-21UserswithIndirectFinancialInterestTaxAuthoritiesOtherGroups1-22TaxAuthoritiesTaxauthoritiesdon’thavedirectfinancialinterestinthecompany,buttheyusuallyanalyzethetaxstatusundertakenbyabusinesstoestablishtaxpolicy.GovernmentsIncometaxesSocialsecurityPayrolltaxesExcisetaxesSalestaxesEachtaxrequiresspecialtaxreturnsandoftenacomplexsetofrecordsaswell.1-23OtherGroupsTheyadviseinvestorsandcreditorsandhaveanIndirectinterestinthefinancialperformanceofabusiness.Financialanalystsandadvisersbrokerslawyerseconomiststhefinancialpress1-24OtherGroupsCustomersThegeneralpublicTheyareconcernedabouttheoperatingresults,theeffectsthatcorporationshaveoninflation,theenvironment,socialproblems,andthequalityoflife.OtherGroup1-25AccountingProfessionPublicAccountingGovernmentAccountingInternalAuditingManagementAccounting1-26PublicAccountantsCertifiedPublicAccountants1-27TheWorkofPublicAccountantsWorkfortheirowncompayWorkforotheraccoutingfirmsprovideaccountingservicestoindividuals,businesses,andgovernmentsConcentrateontaxmattersSpecializeinforensicaccounting1-28GovernmentAccountantsworkforthelocalorstatelevel1-29TheWorkofGovernmentAccountantsKeepandexaminetherecordsofgovernmentunitsadministerandformulatebudgets,totrackcostsandtoanalyzeprogramsTheymustfollowspecialproceduresandregulationsandreportsforgovernmentofficials1-30ManagementAccountantsworkincompaniesandhelptheManagementmakedecisions1-31WorkofManagementAccoutantsProvidethemanagementadviceaboutcapitalbudgetingandbusinessanalysisRecordandanalyzethefinancialaccountinginformation,marketshare,competition,andexpansionopportunitiesofthecompany1-32InternalAuditorscheckaccountingledgersandfinancialstatementswithincompanies1-33WorkofInternalAuditorsTaketrainingtokeepskillsuptodate.Createanddevelopaudit