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第二部分雅思考试八大题型之标题对应题DAY1题型讲解标题对应属于雅思阅读中非常特殊的一种题型，它是典型的主旨考查题，不同于雅思阅读中的其他细节考查题型。一段话的标题（heading）往往就是这段话的主旨，或者说这段话的中心思想。而要确定段落的中心思想，就不能从某个细节入手，而应考虑整个段落的结构和框架，这样才能得出正确的答案。这种题型对学生的词汇量、语感和整体把握的能力要求较高，所以要求我们在做这种题目的时候要注意整体把握，而不是只抠细节。解题技巧1.先将例子所在的选项从选项列表中划掉。注意：虽然Heading题的选项肯定比题目个数多，但是选项是一定不会重复使用的。原因很简单，每段话都有一个不同的主旨，只对应一个标题；如果重复，那就意味着两个不同的段落主旨相同，这是不可能的，因为若主旨相同肯定会合成一段而非分成两段。所以，若题目中出现了这样的提示：Youmayuseanyheadingmorethanonce,根本不用管，这是个陷阱。2.对于Heading题，我们要先读文章，再看选项，读一段话，做一道题。注意：这种题目不宜先看选项，因为这是一种主旨归纳题而不是细节考查题，最怕先入为主，选项中有很多干扰项，看了之后会影响大家客观地理解段落真正的主旨。3.读每段话时，要抓住该段的主题句或中心词。正确答案往往是主题句的改写或包含相应段落的中心词。4.某段话的答案确定后，将它的选项从选项列表中划去。5.这种题目中的干扰项往往是段落中未展开说明的细节，有时候我们可以适当使用排除法，以缩小选择范围。备注：1）所有的标题只会用一次；2）问句一般不会是主题句（起过渡作用）；3）举例子的句子不会是主题句；4）若遇到某个段落的标题不能确定时，务必先做其他段落，以免造成“连锁错误”，即错一个往往就意味着错两个。实战演练Youareadvisedtospendabout20minutesonQuestions1-6.Pleasechoosethemostsuitableheadingsforparagraphslistedbelow.NB:Therearemoreheadingsthanparagraphs,soyouwillnotusethemall.Youmayuseanyheadingmorethanonce.ListofHeadingsi.Animportantformoftransportationii.Thegreatindustrializationinthe20thcenturyiii.Theperceivedadvantagesofmasstransitsystemsiv.Complicatedandpoliticalfactorsv.Moreefficientandcomfortablemasstransitsystemsvi.Whatisacarculturecountryvii.Feweroperatorsbutmorepassengersviii.Thedeclinein1970anditsreasonsix.From1920stoearly1970sx.Thedefinitionofmasstransitxi.Thegrowingenvironmentconcernsandthenewsystemsxii.MasstransitsystemsintheUSA1.ParagraphA:2.ParagraphB:3.ParagraphC:4.ParagraphD:5.ParagraphE:6.ParagraphF:MassTransitAMasstransitreferstomunicipalorregionalpublicsharedtransportation,suchasbuses,streetcarsandferries,opentoallonanonreservedbasis.Animportantformofmasstransitisrapidtransit,suchassubwaysandsurfacelightrailsystems,designedforcommutingbetweenurbanandsuburban(orexurban)centers.Masstransitcanbedividedintofixedroutesystems(ofteninvolvingrails),suchasstreetcarsandsubwaytrains,andnon-fixedroutetransit(alongsurfacestreetsorwater),suchasbusesandferries,butdoesnotusuallyincludeairplanes,taxis,orlong-distancerailwithmoreformalticketingprocedures.BMasstransitsystemsofferconsiderablesavingsinlabor,materialsandenergyoverprivatetransitsystems.Sincefarfeweroperatorsarerequiredforperpassengertransported,theycanbebettertrainedandmorestrictlylicensedandsupervised.Whenutilizedtoanyreasonablefractionoftheircapacity,masstransitvehiclescarryafarhigherpassengerloadperunitofweightandvolumethandoprivatevehicles.Theyalsoofferfuelsavings,notonlybecauseoftherelativereductioninweighttransported,butalsobecausetheyarelargeenoughtocarrymoreefficientengines.Further,ifemphasisisgiventomasstransitintheplanningoffuturegroundtransportationsystems,smallerrightsofwaywillbepossible,lesseningtheamountoflandscapethatmustbepavedoverforhighwaysandroads.Althoughmasstransitoffersmanysavings,itdoesrequiresomesacrificesinpersonalconvenience.Thereisthenecessitytotravelonafixedratherthananindividuallyselectedscheduleandtoenteranddisembarkfromthesystemonlyatcertaindesignatedlocations.Theobviousgoalforamasstransitsystemistohaveasfewunusedpassengeraccommodationaspossible.CThehistoryofmasstransportationisintimatelyconnectedtoindustrialization,urbanization,andtheseparationofresidencefromworkplace.Bythebeginningofthe20thcentury,London,NewYork,Boston,Paris,Budapest,andothermajorcitieshadfixedrailsubwaysystems(sometimeselevated);bythe1920sbuseswerecommon.IntheUnitedStates,patronageofmasstransitgrewsteadilyfrom1990(sixbillionpassengersperyear)to1927(over17billion),butplummetedduringtheGreatDepression.PatronagegrewagainduringWorldWarII,peakingin1946at23billionriders,butthendroppedsteadilyeveryyearuntilthemildrenaissanceofpublictransitintheearly1970s.DThetotalnumberofridersin1970waslessthanthatof1910.Thereasonsforthesedeclinesarecomplexandoftenpolitical.LosAngeles,forexample,hadover1,000milesoftrolleyandinterurbanlinesbefore1930;thissystemwastakenoverbyaprivatecompany,dismantled,andreplacedwithnoisy,pollutingandcomparativelyslowbuses.Sincefewpeoplechosetoridethem,costsrose,therebycuttingthenumberofpassengersfurther.Toreducecosts,privatecompanieseliminatedoutlyingbranchesandsmallerstations.Thesetrends,alongwithinexpensivegasoline,suburbanandhighwaydevelopment,thedeteriorationofoldersubwaylines,andthegreaterfreedomcarsoffered,helpedturntheUnitedStatesintoacarculture.EHowever,asthepublichasgrownincreasinglyconcernedovertheimpactofcarsontheenvironmentandthequalityoflifeinurbanareas,thereisgrowingsupportforthedevelopmentofmoreefficientandcomfortablemasstransitsystems.ModelsforsuchsystemsweredevelopedinEuropeandJapan.TrainsintheParisMetro,forexample,operateonrubbertiresandcanreachspeedsof48mph(77km/h).SmallercitiesarewatchingdevelopmentsinEdmonton,Canada,whichbuilta7.2kmrapidtransitsystemoflightweighttrainsatacostof$65millioninsteadofaddingfivenewfreewaysattentimesthecost.FIntheUnitedStates,effortstoupgrademasstransitsystemshaveexperiencedmixedresults.Thetrendhasbeenawayfromprivateownership;by1999over90%ofNorthAmericanmasstransitwaspubliclyownedandmanaged.TheBART(BayAreaRapidTransit)systemservingSanFranciscoan