romanticism-浪漫主义

RomanticismContentsGeneralintroductionHistoricalandsocialbackgroundRomanticisminmusicRomanticisminvisualartsRomanticisminliteratureRomanticismandscienceCharacteristicsofromanticismDistinctionsbetweenromanticismandNeoclassicismGeneralintroductionRomanticismisamovementthatmarkedapartialreactioninliterature,philosophy,art,religion,andpoliticsfromneoclassicismoftheprecedingperiod.Forromantics,thefeeling,institutionsandemotionsweremoreimportantthanreasonandcommonsense.Itstartedaroundtheyearof1780andendaroundtheyearof1830.ThemovementoriginatedinGermanyandquicklyspreadtoEngland,France,andothercountries.ItreachedtoAmericaaroundtheyearof1820.–Romanticismvaluestheparticularinsight,Itrejectsanysenseofrationallimitstowhatthehumanimaginationmightknow.Asamovement,romanticisminvolvedarevoltagainstconventionandauthorityandasearchforfreedominpersonal,political,andartisticlife.Itstressedindividualism,affirmedthevalueofthecommonpeople.HistoricalandsocialbackgroundTheFrenchRevolutionandIndustrialRevolutionplayedahugeroleininfluencingRomanticism.AstheFrenchRevolutionchangedthelivesofvirtuallyeveryoneinthenationandevencontinentbecauseofitsdrasticandimmediateshiftinsocialreformation,itgreatlyinfluencedmanywritersatthetime.Insteadofsearchingforrulesgoverningnatureandhumanbeings,theromanticssearchedforadirectcommunicationwithnatureandtreatedhumansasuniqueindividualsnotsubjecttooldrules.TheFrenchRevolutionTheIndustrialRevolutionbroughtgreatchangestothesociety.Thenewtechnologiesandneweconomicideasoccurredatthattime.AlloftheseexertgreatinfluenceonRomanticism.TheIndustrialRevolutionTheSpinningJenny1760sSteamEngine:JamesWatt:1777,FirstusedincoalindustryTextilemills-late1800sRomanticisminMusicMusicalRomanticismwasmarkedbyemphasisonoriginalityandindividuality,emotionalexpression,andfreedomandexperimentationofform.LudwigvanBeethovenandFranzSchubertbridgedtheClassicalandRomanticperiods,forwhiletheirformalmusicaltechniqueswerebasicallyClassical,theirmusic'sintenselypersonalfeelingandtheiruseofprogrammaticelementsprovidedanimportantmodelfor19th-centuryRomanticcomposers.Symphony（交响乐）Hero《英雄》Destiny《命运》PianoSonata（钢琴奏鸣曲）Pathetique《悲怆》Moonlight《月光》Storm《暴风雨》andenthusiasm.《热情》LudwigvanBeethoven（贝多芬）EllensdritterGesang（圣母颂）DieschöneMüllerin,D.795（美丽的磨坊女）第四交响曲“悲剧”，第五交响曲，第八交响曲“未完成”，第九交响曲“伟大”，FranzPeterSchubert（弗朗茨·舒伯特）RomanticisminvisualartsAsalientfeaturedefiningRomanticpainterswastheirheightenedawarenessofthebeautiesofthenaturalworld.Artistsidentifiedtheirpersonalfeelingswithnature'schangingaspects.Theartistwasseenastheinterpreterofhiddenmysteriesofnature,towhichendimaginativeinsightmustcombinewithabsolutefidelityandsincerity.Interestintransitoryphenomenaledpainterstodevotethemselvestoanaccuratestudyoflightandatmosphereandtheireffectsonthelandscape.Andduringthisperiod,theindividualismwasstressedandhadastronginfluenceonthevisualarts.WanderingAbovetheSeaofFogCasparDavidFriedrich,1818SirFrankDicksee(1853-1928)SnowstormTurnerAuroraBorealisFredericChurch(1865)AnAvalancheintheAlpsPhilipJamesdeLoutherbourg,1803RomanticisminliteratureThisperiodisalsoagreatfloweringtimeforliterature.Romanticliteratureischaracterizedbyrelianceontheimaginationandsubjectivityofapproach,freedomofthoughtandexpression,andanidealizationofnature.Thisliteratureemphasizedanewflexibilityofformadaptedtovaryingcontent,encouragedthedevelopmentofcomplexandfast-movingplots,andallowedmixedgenres(tragicomedyandtheminglingofthegrotesqueandthesublime)andfreerstyle.TheLakePoetsWilliamWordsworth(1770-1850)WilliamWordsworth(1770-1850)wasoneofthemostaccomplishedandinfluentialofEngland'sromanticpoets,whosetheoriesandstylecreatedanewtraditioninpoetry.HisLyricalBallads,firstpublishedin1798andcollaboratedwithSamuelTaylorColeridge)isgenerallytakentomarkthebeginningoftheromanticmovementinEnglishpoetry.Hismasterpieces:IWanderedLonelyasaCloudComposeduponWestminsterBridgeAndSheDweltamongtheUntroddenWays,etc.SamuelTaylorColeridge(1772-1834)Apoetandcritic,onceanintimatefriendofWilliamandDorothyWordsworth,keptintimaterelationwithRobertSouthey.Hewasamajorinfluence,viaEmerson,onAmericantranscendentalism.Asapoet,hecomposedseveralgreatworks,including:TheRimeoftheAncientMariner(1798)KublaKhan(1797,unfinished,54lines)Christabel(1797-1800,unfinished,itresemblesincontenttheGothicnovels)RobertSouthey(1714-1843)ApoetLaureatefrom1813-1843,oneoftheLakepoets.Southeywasaprolificletterwriter,literaryscholar,essaywriter,historianandbiographer.Inpoetry,hewasrememberedonlyforhisshortpoems,suchasMyDaysamongtheDeadArePassed.AVisionofJudgment(1821)GeorgeGordonByron1)shortlyricsandsonnet:HoursofIdleness(1807),HebrewMelodies(1815)Prometheus(1816),SonnetonChillon(1816)2)poeticdrama:Manfred(1817),Cain(1821),HeavenandEarth(1821)3)longnarrativepoem:ChildeHarold'sPilgrimage(1812,1st,2nd),ThePrisonerofChillon(1816),ChildeHarold'sPilgrimage(1816,3rd;1818,4th)DonJuan(1818-1820)4)satiricalpoem:EnglishBardsandScotchReviewers(1807)TheVisionofJudgment(1821)PercyByssheShelley(1792-1822)Apoetw