语用学―合作礼貌原则

Pragmatics---languageinUseContents:TwoprinciplesofPragmatics12ThePolitenessPrincipleTheCooperativePrinciple1,TheCooperativePrincipleandit’sMaxims(HerbertPaulGrice)Theparticipantsinaconversationnormallycommunicateinamaximallyefficient,rationalandcooperativeway.MaximsofCPQualityQuantityRelevanceManner1)Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.2)Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.QualitytrueMakeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequired.Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.QuantityinformativeRelevanceMakeyourcontributionrelevant.1)avoidobscurityofexpression.2)avoidambiguity.3)bebrief.4)beorderly.MannerBeperspicuousandspeificallyThatistosay:Humanbeingstrytospeaksincerely,relevantlyandclearly,whileprovidingsufficientinformation—TheCooperativePrincipleFloutofCPoccurs,whatfollows?Implicature(会话含义，言外之意)ConversationalimplicaturesThetermofconversationalimplicature:•Itreferstotheadditionalunstatedmeaningthathastobeassumedinordertomaintainthecooperativeprinciple.Conversationalimplicatures:TwocategoriesFourfeatures:TwocategoriesofConversationalimplicatures:1)standardconversationalimplicature2)Particularizedconversationalimplicature—Volation(flout)ofCPExamples:(1)A:Mayweknowyourage,please?B:I’mnineteenyearsold.(2)A:Wouldyoumindtellingmeyouraddress?B:SomewhereinthesouthofFujian.(3)A:How’shertermpaper?B:Herhandwritingisquitebeautiful!(4)A:Let’sgetthekidssomething.B:Okey,butIvetoI-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.Fourfeaturesofconversationalimplicatures:InferabilityCancellabilityOpen-endednessNon-detachability2,ThePolitenessPrincipleThereasonforimplicitlyandindirectlybyfloutingthefourmaximsofthecooperativeprinciple:Facewant(theexpectationconcerningtheirpublicself-image).Tomaintainharmoniousinterpersonalrelationshipsandensuresuccessfulsocialinteraction.Brown&Levinson:TheFaceTheory:(1)Thepositiveface---apersonwhowantstobeacceped,likedbyothersandtobetreatedasamemberofthegroup.(connected)(2)Thenegativeface---apersonwhowantstobeindependent,tohavefreedomofaction,andnottobeimposedonbyothers.(independent)Facesavingact:OrderordemandEg:Don’tbesonoisy,children.DisagreementEg:A:IsthesupermarketopenonSundays?B:Onlyanidiotwouldask!RefusionA:Let’sgotothemovietonight.B:Ihavetostudyforanexam.Leech’spolitenessprinciple•Politenessincommunicationrequirespeopletoadoptstrategiesofmaximizing“politebeliefs”andminimizing“impolitebeliefs.”•(i)TheTactmaxim(minimizecosttoother,maximizecosttoself)•(ii)TheGenerositymaxim(minimizebenefittoself,maximizepraiseofother)•(iii)TheApprobation(orflattery)maxim(minimizedispraiseofother,maximizedispraiseofother)•(iv)TheModestyMaxim(minimizedisagreementbetweenselfandother,maximizesympathybetweenselfandother)•(v)TheAgreementMaxim(minimizedisagreementbetweenselfandother,maximizeagreementbetweenselfandother)•(vi)TheSympathyMaxim(minimizeantipathybetweenselfandother,maximizesympathybetweenselfandother)Leech’spolitenessprinciple1,Politenesscanberealizedbyvariouslinguisticdevices,whichmaydifferinthedegreesofpoliteness.2,Thedegreesofpolitenessarealsodependentontheoptionalityoftheutterance.3,Thedegreesofpolitenessvaryinaccordancewiththeindirectnessoftheutterance.FunctionsofIndirectSpeechActinthePolitenessPrinciple•1.politerefusal•A:Buymesomefruit,willyou?•B:I’mafraidI’veonlygottenminutes.•2.Indirectcriticism•A:Howdoyoulikemypainting?•B:Idon’thaveeyeforbeauty,I’mafraid.•3.politerequestororder•A(apasser-bywithaheavybag):Mybagisheavy.Theexceptionsinsomesituationsinpolitenessprinciple:(a)Intimesofemergency(eg:Watchout!)(b)Whenthethreattothehearer’sfaceisminorornone,asin“Ifanyfurtherinformationisneeded,don’thesitatetocontactme.”(c)Whenthespeakerhasauthorityoverthehearer,asinfathertoson.(d)Whenthesperkerandthehearerareinintimaterelations,asinhusbandtowife.