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TheCooperativePrincipleandPolitenessPrincipleofPragmaticsTheCooperativePrinciple(合作原则)CP的提出：byHerbertPaulGrice,1975,“LogicandConversation”AccordingtoGrice,peopleusuallytrytoreachacommongoalbymutualeffortsoratleastmaketheconversationdevelopinthedirectionoftheirexpectationinconversationalexchange.Toachievethis,peopleneedtocooperatewitheachother.ContentsofCP(合作原则的内容)Quantity量Quality质Relation相关Manner方式1)Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired.2)Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.Quantity不多说，也不少说Trytomakeyourcontributiononethatistrue:1)Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.2)Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence..Quality说真话Berelevant.Relation说话要相关，贴切Beperspicuous,andspecifically:1)avoidobscurityofexpression.避免晦涩2)avoidambiguity.避免歧义3)bebrief.简单明了4)beorderly.井井有条.MannerInshortSub-consciouslyorevenunconsciously,whenwespeak,wegenerallyhavesomethingliketheCPinourmind.说话者在无意识地遵守着合作原则。Wewilltrytosaythingswhicharetrue,relevant,aswellasinformativeenough,andinaclearmanner.ViolationofQuantity(量的违反)1.A:Wouldyoumindtellingmeyouraddress?(您介意告诉我您的住址吗？)B:SomewhereInthesouthofHandan.(我住在邯郸的南边。)ViolationofQuantity(量的违反)2.A:WhereisJohn?(约翰在哪呢？)B:He’sgonetothelibrary.Hesaidsowhenheleft.(他去图书馆了。他走时是这么说的。)ViolationofQuantity(量的违反)3.Mei:Whoansweredthephone?(谁接的电话?)Yu:Awoman.(一个女的。)Mei:What?Whatdidshesay?(嗯?说什么?)Yu:Shesaid,sorry,youdialtelephonetemporarilyunabletogetthrough.(“对不起，您拨打的电话暂时无法接通……”。)ViolationofQuality(质的违反)Yu:Mum,myhandwasbittenbytheinsect.Mei:Oh,what'sthematter?Wasitbittenbymosquito?Comeon,letmescratchforyou.Yu:WhydoesthemosquitoonlybitemeinsteadofLiuXing?Thisisn'tmyhome?Mei:Nonsense!Ofcoursethisisyourhome.Hereareyourdadandmum.DoyouknowwhythemosquitoesonlybiteyouinsteadofLiuXing?Yu:Why?Mei:BecauseyourbloodissweetwhileLiuXing'sisstinking.ViolationofRelation(相关性的违反)1.A:Youknow?ProfessorLi’swifeisabald.(知道吗？李教授的妻子是个光头。)B:Oh!Whataniceday!Isn’tit?(哦，今天的天气可真不错，是吧？)ViolationofRelation(相关性的违反)2.A:How’shertermpaper?(她学期论文写得怎样？)B:Herhandwritingisquitebeautiful!(她书法不错！)ViolationofRelation(相关性的违反)3.Mei:AreyouOK?Theremustbehugegapinyourmindnow.Doyouhavethethoughttofindawaytoescape?DongHai:Themeetingisquitewell.Mei:WhatdidtheteachertellyouaboutLiuXing?(Thegrandmacoughs,indicatingXiaDonghainottotellthetruth)DongHai:Err,Itakesomemedicineforgrandma.Mei:Quickly,whatdidtheteachertellyou?DongHai:Well,hesaid…nothing.ViolationofManner(方式的违反)1.theneedy(需要者)----thepoor(穷人)Indifficulties(有困难)-----indebt(负债)todie(死)----topassaway(离开了)togotoanotherworld(去了另一个世界)ViolationofManner(方式的违反)2.Mei:Whydoesn'tthegorillaevolve?Xing:Givemeareasonforitsevolution.Mei:Whydoesn'tittalk?Xing:Whatdoyouwantmetosay?Mei:Itliesinitsdefectinlistening.Xing:Myearsarequitegood.Mei:Goaway.Don'tbotherme!Xing:Aren'tyoutalkingaboutme?Mei:Iamtalkingaboutthegorilla.ThePolitenessPrinciple(礼貌原则)R.Lakoff(1972,1973,1975,1977)在上个世纪七十年代提出礼貌三规则TwomainapproachestopolitenessbeforeLeechLakoff的礼貌三规则（由于提出较早,在范围上,系统性上都较为笼统,未能引起足够重视）1)formality:don’timpose/remainaloof不要强加于人(交际双方地位不平等时，如师生、雇主与雇员等)2)hesitancy:givetheaddresseehisoptions给对方留有余地和空间（交际双方地位平等或社会关系不密切时，如商人与顾客）3)equality:actasthoughyouandtheaddresseewereequal/makehimfeelgood增进双方的友情（适用于好友,恋人之间）。Brown&Levinson的面子保全论（FST）Positiveface积极面子（正面子）Negativeface消极面子（负面子）Positiveface:thepositiveconsistentself-imagethatpeoplehaveandwanttobeappreciatedandapprovedofbyatleastsomeotherpeople.积极面子是指希望得到别人的赞同和喜爱Negativeface:therightstoterritories,freedomofactionandfreedomfromimposition;essentiallythewantthatyouractionsbenotimpededbyothers.消极面子是指不希望别人强加于自己,自己的行为不受别人的干涉或阻碍.2.Leech’sapproachtopolitenessPolitenessincommunicationrequirespeopletoadoptstrategiesof(a)maximizing“politebeliefs”;(b)minimizing“impolitebeliefs.”TheTactmaxim（a）Minimizethecosttoothers;(b)maximizethebenefittoothers;利益分配TheGenerositymaxim(a)Minimizethebenefittoself;(b)maximizethecosttoself;TheApprobation(orflattery)maxim(a)Minimizedispraiseofothers;(b)Maximizepraiseofothers.评价TheModestyMaxim(a)Minimizepraiseofself;(b)Maximizedispraiseofself.TheAgreementMaxim(a)Minimizedisagreementbetweenselfandothers;(b)maximizeagreementbetweenselfandothers;对待他人的态度TheSympathyMaxim(a)Minimizeantipathybetweenselfandothers;(b)Maximizesympathybetweenselfandothers.RelationshipbetweenPP&CP礼貌原则与合作原则之间的关系十分密切。合作原则在会话中起着调节双方说话内容的作用,它使对方在乐于合作的前提下能进行交际。但礼貌原则具有更高一层的调节作用,是制约语用的关键,为了恪守礼貌原则,人们甚至不得不牺牲合作原则。合作原则和礼貌原则之间存在着相互交融、相互制约的关系。如果合作原则占优势,即会话双方积极遵守合作原则,那么礼貌原则就只有占劣势,即会话双方只能消极遵守礼貌原则。反之亦然。如果合作原则占劣势,即会话双方消极遵守合作原则。那么礼貌原则就占优势,即会话双方就会积极遵守礼貌原则THANKS