英文摘要怎么写

1SummaryWritingThesummaryQualitiesofasummaryProcessofsummarywritingSuggestionsonwritingsummaries2Whatisasummary?Asummaryisashortversionofalongerpieceofwriting.It’saboutone-thirdtoone-fourthaslongastheoriginalpassage.Itsavestime,spaceandenergybyproducinganreducedformofanarticleorotherlongdocument.3QualitiesofaSummaryThequalitiesofasummaryareasfollows:4Objectivity:Noideathatisnottheauthor’sshouldbeincludedinthesummary,andnoopinionofthesummarywritershouldbeinthesummary.Nojudgmentsarepermittedinasummary.5Completeness:Dependingontheassignment,thesummaryshouldcontaineverymainideainthearticle.Statingonlythefirstmainideaoronlyonemainideaanddetailstosupportitwillnotgivethereaderacompleteideaofwhatthearticlewasabout.6Balance:Givingequalattentiontoeachmainideaandstressingideasthattheauthorstresseswillresultinanaccuratesummary.7Afterfinishingwritingasummary,howdoyoujudgeorcheckit?Questionstojudgeavalidsummaryareasfollows:1)DidIincludealltheimportantideas?2)DidIomitallunnecessarywordsandphrases?3)Doesthesummaryreadsmoothly?4)Wouldareaderofmysummarywhohadnotreadthearticlegetaclearideaofthearticle?8ProcessofsummarywritingYoushouldbearinmindthefollowingrequirements:.9yoursummaryshouldnotbelongerthanathirdoftheoriginalpassage;itShouldbefaithfultotheoriginal,withnochangeinfactsorviews,andnoimportantpointsleftout;anditshouldbewrittenincontinuousprose,notintheformofanoutline10Hereisasix-stepprocessforwritingsummaries:1.Selecttheessentialpointsfromeachsectionofthedocumentbyunderliningandnumberingthem.112.Ignoreanyrepetitionorlists123.Useimportantnamesortechnicaltermsfromtheoriginal.134.Writeconcisenotesinbriefsentences145.Checktheseagainstthedocumenttomakesureyouhaveincludedalltheessentialpoints.156.Writethesummary,makingitacontinuousandconcisepieceofwritingthatusesparagraphingappropriately.16Sample1Whenhestoppedatavillage,themotoristwastoldthataqueenbeemustbehiddeninhiscarastherewerethousandsofbeesnearby.Onlearningthis,themanrealizedthattheonlywaytoescapewouldbetodriveawayasquicklyaspossible.17Afteranhour’sharddriving,hearrivedinLondonwhereheparkedhiscaroutsideahotelandwentintohaveadrink.Itwasnotlongbeforeacustomer;whohadseenhimarrive,hurriedintoinformhimthathiscarwascoveredwithbees.Thepoormotoristtelephonedthepoliceandexplainedwhathadhappened.Thepolicedecidedthatthebestwaytodealwiththesituationwouldbetocallabee-keeper.18Inashorttime,thebeekeeperarrived.Hefoundtheunwelcomepassengerhiddennearthewheelsatthebackofthecar.Verygratefultothemotoristforthisunexpectedgift,thekeepertookthequeenandherthousandsoffollowershomeinalargebox.Equallygrateful,themotoristdroveawayinpeace,atlastfreefromthe“blackcloud”whichhadhungoverhiscar(192words)19Makingalistofmainpoints:1.Drovequicklytoavoidbees2.ArrivedinLondon3.Parkedcarhoteldrink4.Customertoldhim:bees—car5.Telephonedpolice206.Sentbee-keeper7.Foundqueenbeenearwheels8.Tookherandbeeshome—box9.Droveaway.21Writingaroughdraft:Becausehewantedtoescapethebees,thedriverdroveawayquickly.Afterhetraveledforsometime,thedriverarrivedinLondon.Afterhehadparkedhiscaroutsideahotelhewentintohaveadrink.Whenacustomertoldhimthathiscarwascoveredwithbees,thedrivertelephonedthepolice.Andthenthepoliceaskedforabee-keeper.Thebee-keeperfoundthequeenbeehiddennearthewheels.Sincethekeepertookthequeenandthebeeshomeinabox,thedriverdroveawayinpeace.(93words)22Makingafaircopy:Inordertoescapethebees,thedriverdroveawayquicklyandaftersometimearrivedinLondon.Parkinghiscaroutsideahotel,hewentintohaveadrink.Whenhewastoldthathiscarwascoveredwithbees,thedrivertelephonedthepolice.Abee-keeperwassentforandsoonfoundthequeenbeenearthewheels.Hetookthequeenandthebeeshomeinaboxandthedriverthendroveawayinpeace.(80words)23SuggestionsonWritingSummariesTherearemanywaystomakeasummarybriefandclear.Considerthefollowing:24Omittingthedetails.Onlytheimportantpointsshouldbeincludedinthesummary;allthedetailsthatexplainthemainpointscanbeleftout.25Simplifyingthedescriptions.Ifinthepassagetherearetensentencesdescribingapersonoranobject,itwillbeenoughtokeepjustoneortwointhesummary.26.•Eliminatingallrepetitions.Sometimesastatementisrepeatedforemphasis.Thisisnotnecessaryinasummary27Usingphrasesinsteadofclausesorsentences.28Usinggeneralwordsinsteadofspecificwords.29Usingtheshortestpossibletransitions.Forexample,but,then,thus,yet,andfor,canbeusedinplaceoflongertransitionssuchasatthesametime,ontheotherhand,etc.Oftenthesemicoloncantaketheplaceofatransitionalwordorphrase.30Avoidingfigurativelanguage.Inasummary,plainproseisrequired;unnecessaryfiguresofspeechshouldbeavoided.31Puttingthemainpointsofadialogueinindirectspeech.Thisisadvisablebecauseindirectspeechcanbemadeverybriefwhileitisdifficulttoabridgedialogues.32Inshort,thesummarywriterhastoomitwhatisunnecessaryandabridgewhatshouldbereproduced.Suppressionandcompression,therefore,aretwomostusefultools.33Reducingtheexamples.Outoffiveorsixexamplesgivenintheoriginalpassage,oneortwomaybechosenforthesummary;therestareomitted.34AbstractAbstractTypesofAbstractsSuggestionsonwrit