中国农村现代化与城市化

1中国农村现代化与城市化RuralModernizationandUrbanizationinChina牛凤瑞NiuFengrui05年3月18日March18,2005WorkshoponChina’sRuralElectrification2中国农村现代化与城市化RuralModernizationandUrbnizationinChina到本世纪中叶基本实现现代化是13亿中国人民的奋斗目标。中国现代化的重点和难点在农村，难在农民增收，但根本出路在农村之外，在于城市的率先发展和对于农村的带动。Generallyrealizingmodernizationby2050istheworkingtargetthe1.3billionChinesepeople.Thepivotsanddifficultiesmainlylieinruralareas,liesinincreasingfarmers’income;butthefundamentalsolutionisoutsideruralarea,dependingontheleaddevelopmentofcitiesandtheirboostingeffects.WorkshoponChina’sRuralElectrification3中国农村现代化与城市化RuralModernizationandUrbanizationinChina中国现代化的重点和难点在农村ThepivotsanddifficultiesinChina’smodernizationlieintheruralareas中国农村现代化的前提是减少农民TheprerequisiteforChinaruralmodernizationinreducingthenumberoffarmers减少中国农民的根本途径是城市化Thefundamentalrouteforfarmerreductionisurbanization中国农村的不发展是因为城市的不发展StagnancyinthedevelopmentofruralChinaisduetoinsufficientcitydevelopment加快城市化才能带动农村现代化Acceleratingurbanizationcanpromoteruralmodernization中国农村现代化要与城市化统筹谋划和对于农村的带动。China’sruralmodernizationshallbeharminzedwithurbanizationandtheboostingeffectstoruraldevelopmentWorkshoponChina’sRuralElectrification4中国现代化的重点和难点在农村ThePivotsandDifficultiesofChina’sModernizationLieinRuralAreas中国农村人口达8亿，大约是城镇人口的1.6倍，而人均家庭纯收入只及城镇居民人均可支配收入的1/3。Chinahas800millionruralresidents,around1.6timesthenumberofChineseurbanpopulation;thepercapitanetincomeoffarmersisonly1/3ofthepercapitadisposableincomeofurbanresidents长期的城乡分割的二元结构造成的过大的城乡差距，经过改革开放初期的所有缩小后，又一直呈扩大的趋势。Theduelstructureoflong-termurbanandruralsegmentationcreatesexcessiveurbanandruralgap,whichwasnarrowedtosomeextentshortlyafterthereformandopeningup,butthenseesatendencyoffurtherwideningWorkshoponChina’sRuralElectrification5中国现代化的重点和难点在农村ThePivotsandDifficultiesofChina’sModernizationLieinRuralAreas若计入城镇居民的各种福补和补贴，城乡人均消费水平大约为6.0:1Ifthevariouswelfareandsubsidiesenjoyedbyurbanresidentsareconsidered,theratiobetweenurbanandruralpercapitaconsumptionlevelis6.0:1.WorkshoponChina′sRuralElectrification1985年全国城乡居民人均消费性支出之比为2.3:1，In1985,theratiobetweenpercapitaconsumptionexpenditureofurbanandruralresidentsis2.3:12000年增加到3.0:1，By2000,therationhadgrownto3.0:12003年又扩大到3.3:1。By2003,thegapwasfurtherwidenedto3.3:1.6中国现代化的重点和难点在农村ThePivotsandDifficultiesofChina’sModernizationLieinRuralAreas农村基础设施建设普遍滞后，居民面临着出行难、通讯难、就医难、上学难、用水用电难和买难卖难等诸多难题，自来水普及率只有50％左右。Theruralinfrastructureconstructionlagsbehindandtheruralresidentsfacelimitedaccesstotransportation,communication,medicalfacilityandservice,schooleducation,watersupply,electricitysupplyfacilitiesandtransactiondifficulties,tapwaterisavailableonlytoaround50%ofruralhouseholds.WorkshoponChina′sRuralElectrification中国农村的现代化要面对更多的阻碍和难题，中国现代化建设的重点在农村，难点也在农村。China’sruralmodernizationwillencounterevenmorebarriersanddifficulties,thepivotsanddifficultiesofChina’smodernizationconcentrateinruralareas.7中国农村现代化的前提是减少农民ThePreconditionforChina’sRuralModernizationisReducingFarmers如何富裕农民仁者见仁。主要思路大致有三Differentpeoplehavedifferentideasabouthowtoincreasetheincomeoffarmers,thereare3majorideasWorkshoponChina′sRuralElectrification农村现代化核心任务是富裕农民，主要标志和最大难点也是农民富裕。要富裕农民，必须减少农民。Thecoretaskforruralmodernizationiscreatingarichlifeforfarmers,andthemajorindicatorandtopdifficultyishowtomakefarmersricher.Tomakefarmersricher,thenumberoffarmershastobedecreased.8中国农村现代化的前提是减少农民ThePreconditionforChina’sRuralModernizationisReducingFarmersWorkshoponChina′sRuralElectrification调整农业结构Agriculturalrestructuring目前农业收入占中国农民纯收入的50%，农业从业劳动力达3.3亿人，占乡村劳动力的2/3。Currently,farmingcontributesto50%offarmers’netincome,and330millionlaborsareengagedinfarming,accountingfor2/3ofrurallabors.发展农村非农产业Boostingindustrydevelopmentinruralareas以乡镇企业为代表的农村非农产业对于农民增收和农村发展发挥过重要作用。Industryinruralareas,representedbytownshipenterprises,playsakeyroleinincreasingfarmers’incomeandstimulatingruralareadevelopment9中国农村现代化的前提是减少农民ThePreconditionforChina’sRuralModernizationisReducingFarmersWorkshoponChina′sRuralElectrification减轻农民负担Lighteningfarmers’burden应该承认，减免与三农相关的各种税费和三提五统，对于增加农民收入具有重要现实作用。Itshouldbeacknowledgedthatlighteningandabolishingvarioustaxesandchargesonagriculturalactivitiesandfarmersisofgreatpracticalsignificance.10减少中国农民的根本途径是城市化TheFundamentalRouteforReducingChineseFarmersisUrbanizationWorkshoponChina′sRuralElectrification农业生产对土地等自然资源的依赖性较强，Agriculturalactivity’sstrongrelianceonlandandothernaturalresources在农业自然资源既定的条件下，农民越多，人均可支配的农业自然资源量越少Undertheconditionsoffixednaturalresources,themorefarmersare,thelesspercapitadisposableagriculturalnaturalresourcewillbe.农民人均可支配的农业自然资源量越少，Thelesspercapitadisposableagriculturalnaturalresourceis,农业越难以实现规模经营，农业劳动生产率越难以提高，农民的收入也就越难以提高themoredifficultitistorealizescaleoperation,toimproveagriculturalproductionefficiency,andtoincreasefarmers’income11减少中国农民的根本途径是城市化减少中国农民的根本途径是城市化TheFundamentalRouteforReducingChineseFarmersisUrbanizationWorkshoponChina’sRuralElectrification一些人认为，大量青壮农民进城,会形成（妇女、老人）搞农业的局面，从而危及农业的稳定发展。这种担心依据不足。原因有三点。Somepeoplethinkthatmanyyoungandmiddle-agedfarmerscometoworkincitieswillmakewomenandoldpeoplethemainworkingforceengagedinagricultura