国贸 2

InternationalTradePracticesPARTONE-CHAPTERTWOINTERNATIONALTRADEPOLICYLearningpurposeTounderstandvariousformsoftradepoliciesTariffsSubsidiesRestrictionsWhatarethetariff/non-tariffbarriersThepoliciesusedbythegovernmenttorestrictandencouragetheexportCasestudyBackgroundforDohatradetalksCommencedinNov.2001Isthecurrenttrade-negotiationroundofWTOObjectiveistoeliminatethetradebarriersandincreasethetradegloballyAsof2008,Dohatalksstalledonthemajorissues–agricultureandindustrialtariffsandnon-tariffsbarriersRelatedterms1Protectionism保护主义economicpolicyofrestrainingthetradebetweenthestatesthroughvariousmethodsFreetrade自由贸易asystemoftradepolicythatallowstraderstoactandtransactwithoutinterferencefromgovernmentTradebarrier贸易壁垒anygovernmentpolicyandregulationthatrestrictsinternationaltradeRelatedterms1Infantindustry幼稚产业newindustry,whichisunabletocompetewiththeestablishedcompetitorsabroadattheearlystageitistherationaleforprotectionismCasestudySsreadthecasestudyanddiscusstheQ1andQ2onpage13.TradepolicyIsthetoolscreatedbythecountriesforgoverningtheimportsandexportsImportpolicyImporttariffNon-tariffbarrierstoimportsExportpolicyExporttaxesExportsubsidiesImportpolicyImportTariffSsreadthetextandarerequiredtograspthefollowingpoints,DefinitionofimporttariffHowmanytypes,whatarethey,andtheirmainfunctionDifferentratesofcustomsdutiesListtheformsofprotectiontariffsImporttariffTwotypesProtectivetariffRevenuetariffTypeofTariffsWhatitisFunctionProtectiveRaisetheretailpriceoftheimportedproductsSavethejobsandprotecttheinfantindustryRevenueRaisethemoneyforthegovernmentProtecttheinfantindustryImporttariffTwotypesProtectivetariffRevenuetariffSpecificdutiesAdvaloremdutiesCompounddutiesImportpolicyDifferentratesofcustomsdutiesAreleviedbasedonthenecessitiesandthepropertiesofdifferentcategoriesTypesofgoodsRatesofcustomsdutiesNecessities5%-20%Massproducedathome/notessential50%-100%Luxuries120%-200%Relatedterms2Importtariff进口关税orthetariff,isthedutyorfeeleviedonthegoods/servicesimportedintothecountryProtectivetariff保护关税inflatethepricesoftheimportsandprotectthedomesticindustriesfromforeigncompetitionRevenuetariff财政关税raisethemoneyforthegovernmentRelatedterms2Specificduty从量税dutiesleviedattherateofpergallon,perunit,pound,kiloAdvaloremduties从价税dutiesleviedonthebasisofproduct’svalueCompoundduties混合税combinationofspecificandadvaloremdutiesTariffschedule关税总则specifiesthetariffscollectedoneveryparticulargoodsandservicesRelatedterms2HarmonizedTariffScheduleofUnitedStates《美国进出口税则》HarmonizedSystem商品名称及编码协调制度WorldCustomsOrganization世界海关组织Exportdrawback出口退税therefundtheexportersreceivefortheportionorfullofthecustomsdutiespaidindomesticlinksImportpolicyNon-tariffbarrierstoimportsSsreadthispartandarerequiredtofindoutthefollowingpoints,Whatdonon-tariffbarriersreferto?Formsofnon-tariffbarriersNon-tariffbarrierThedefinitionnon-tariffbarrier(非关税壁垒）isanypolicyusedbygovernmenttoreduceimportsFormsImportquotaVoluntaryexportrestraintProductstandardDomesticcontentrequirementGovernmentprocurementpoliciesRed-tapebarriersNon-tariffbarrierImportquota(进口配额）ItisalimitonthetotalquantityofimportsofproductsallowedintothecountryduringaperiodoftimeItsfeaturePrinciplecategoryLessvisibleMosteffectiveTwotypesAbsolutequotaTariff-relatedquotaRelatedterms3Absolutequota绝对配额limitsthetotalquantityofimportstoaspecifiedlevelduringaspecifiedperiodoftimeTariff-relatedquota关税配额allowsaspecifiedquantityofgoodstobeimportedatthereducedtariffrateduringspecifiedquotaperiodRelatedterms3BindingquotaanimportquotawhichissetbelowthefreetradelevelofimportsNon-bindingquotaanimportquotawhichissetatorabovethefreetradelevelofimportsZeroquotagoodsareillegalwithinthecountryNon-tariffbarrierVoluntaryexportrestraint(VER）自动出口限制Atradebarrierinwhichtheimportingcountrycoercetheforeignexportingcountrytoagree“voluntarily”torestrictexportstothiscountryItsfeatureAsarear-guardactiontoprotectthedomesticindustriesA“temporary”restraint,butlastedformanyyearsNon-tariffbarrierProductstandardsTheydonotraisetaxrevenuesforthegovernment,howeveruseupgovernmentresourcesSoitisforthetruepurposeofprotectingdomesticindustryorproductsNon-tariffbarrierDomesticcontentrequirementAproductproducedorsoldinacountrymustcontainaminimumamountofdomesticproductionvalue,intheformofwagespaidorthematerialsproducedwithinthecountryNon-tariffbarrierDomesticcontentrequirementHowitrealizestheimportprotectionabarriertotheimportswhichdonotmeetthisrulesLimittheimportofmaterialsthatotherwisewouldhavebeenusedindomesticproductionNon-tariffbarrierGovernmentprocurementpoliciesSpecifiedpercentageofpurchasesbythegovernmentbemadefromthedomesticfirmsratherthanforeignfirmsByAmericanActof1933《购买美国产品法》Non-tariffbarrierRed-tapebarrier进口环节壁垒CostlyadministrativeproceduresrequiredfortheimportationofforeigngoodsItisthebureaucraticandwaste-of-timeprocedureExportpolicySsreadthispartandfindoutthefollowinginformation,WhatareexporttaxesandexportsubsidiesWhatarethefunctionsofthemExportpolicyExporttax出口税TaxesontheexportedgoodsTwoformsSpecificAdvaloremPurposetorestricttheexportofcertainproductsExport