养护手册

贵州景然生态园林建设有限公司1贵州景然生态园林建设工程有限公司园林绿化养护手册二○一三年制贵州景然生态园林建设有限公司2目录1苗木养护相关要求······························································31.1苗木养护质量标准···························································31.2苗木质量标准·································································51.3苗木养护种植相关要求·····················································52园林苗木常用的养护管理方法···············································82.1灌溉与排水····································································82.2施肥············································································102.3整形修剪······································································102.4病虫害防治···································································122.5低温危害与防寒·····························································122.6园林树木养护管理的其它措施··········································132.7草坪的养护···································································142.8花坛、花境养护······························································163苗木养护管理工作的主要内容（按季节划分）··························164常用苗木具体养护措施（按月份）··········································185大树移植后主要养护措施···················································266时花养护措施···································································277盆景养护措施···································································288常见园林树木病虫害防治···················································298.1主要病虫害····································································298.2常用农药······································································298.3常用农药的剂型及喷灌浓度·············································308.4常用农药混用表·····························································308.5注意事项······································································319养护巡查·········································································319.1责任划分······································································319.2巡查时间间隔································································31附表1巡查记录表·······························································32附表2养护记录表·······························································33贵州景然生态园林建设有限公司3园林绿化养护手册园林植物栽培后的养护管理是保证成活、实现绿化美化的重要措施。俗话说：三分种植，七分养护，更强调了植物在栽培过程中养护管理工作的重要性。养护管理包括两个方面的内容：一是：“养护”，根据不同的植物的生长需要和某些特定的要求，及时对树木采取如施肥、灌水、中耕除草、修剪、防治病虫害等园艺技术措施。另一方面是：“管理”，看管维护、绿地清扫保洁等园区管理工作。养护管理工作要尊重植物的生长规律和生物学特性，依据当地的气候条件进行。因季节变化比较明显，养护工作根据当地情况而定，按月来进行工作安排。1苗木养护相关要求1.1苗木养护质量标准1.1.1一级标准⑴生长势好：生长量超过该树种该规格的平均生长量。⑵叶片健壮。A、叶片正常落叶树叶大而肥厚,针叶树针叶健壮，在正常条件下，不黄叶不焦叶、不卷叶、不落叶、叶上无虫粪、虫网等影响植物美观的杂物。B、被虫咬的叶片最严重的每株在5%以下（含5%)。⑶枝干健壮。A、无明显枯枝死杈，枝条粗壮，过冬枝条已木质化。B、无蛀干害虫的活卵、活虫。C、介壳虫最严重处，主干主枝上平均每100cm有一头活虫以下（含１头，下同）较细枝条平均每33cm长，在5头活虫以下，株数都在2％以下。D、无明显的人为损坏，绿地内无堆物、堆料，圈栏等。E、树冠完整美观，分枝点合适，主侧枝分布均称、数量适宜，内膛不乱，通风透光，绿篱、整型植株等应枝叶茂密，外观饱满无缺，花灌木开花后必须进行修剪。贵州景然生态园林建设有限公司4⑷缺株在2%以下(包括2%下同)。1.1.2二级标准⑴生长势正常：生长量达到该树种，该规格的平均生长量。⑵叶片正常。A、叶色、大小、薄厚正常B、较严重的黄叶焦叶、卷叶、带虫叶、虫网、蒙灰尘叶的株数在2％以下。C、被虫咬的叶片，最严重的每株在10％以下。⑶枝干正常。A、无明显枯枝、死杈。B、有蛀干害虫的株数在2％以下。C、介壳虫最严重处，主枝、主干上平均每100cm有2头活虫以下，较细枝条，每33cm长内有10头活虫以下，株数在4％以下。D、无较严重的人为损坏，对轻微或偶尔难以控制的人为损坏，能及时发现和处理；绿地、草坪内无堆物堆料，搭棚侵占等。E、树冠基本完整，主侧枝分布均称，树冠通风透光，开花灌木大部分进行修剪。⑷缺株在4％以下。1.1.3三级标准⑴生长势基本正常。⑵叶色基本正常。A、叶色基本正常。B、严重黄叶、焦叶、卷叶、带虫粪、虫网灰尘叶的株整在10％以下。C、被虫咬的叶片最严重的每株在20％以下。⑶枝干基本正常。A、无明显枯枝，死杈。B、有蛀干虫的株数在10％以下。C、个壳虫最严重处，主枝、主干上平均每100cm3头活虫以下，较细枝条平均33cm长，内有15活虫头以下，株数在6％以下。D、对人为损坏能及时处理，绿地内无堆物堆料搭棚，侵占等。行道树下无堆放白灰等对树木有烧伤、毒害的物质，无搭棚、围墙、圈占等。E、90％以上树冠基本完整，有绿化效果。贵州景然生态园林建设有限公司5⑷缺株在6％以下。1.2苗木质量标准苗木本身质量的好坏直接影响着绿化美化效果，为此苗木质量应符合苗木出圃质量标准和设计对苗木质量的要求。具体要求如下：1.2.1乔木的质量标准树干挺直，不应有明显弯曲，小弯曲也不得超出两处，无蛀干害虫和未愈合的机械损伤。分枝点高度2.5－2.8m。树冠丰满，枝条分布均匀、无严重病虫危害，常绿树叶色正常。根系发育良好、无严重病虫危害，移植时根系或土球大小，应为苗木胸径的8－10倍。1.2.2灌木的质量标准根系发达，生长茁壮，无严重病虫危害，灌丛匀称，枝条分布合理，高度不得低于1.5m，丛生灌木枝条至少在4－5根以上，有主干的灌木主干应明显。1.2.3绿篱苗的质量标准针叶常绿树苗高度不得低于1.2m，阔叶常绿苗不得低于50cm，苗木应树型丰满，枝叶茂密，发育正常，根系发达，无严重病虫危害。1.3苗木养护种植相关要求1.3.1挖种植穴、槽的质量标准⑴穴、槽的规格，应视土质情况和树木根系大小而定。一般规定：树穴直径和深度，应较根系和土球直径加大15－20cm，深度加10－15cm。树槽：宽度应在土球外两侧各加10cm，深度加10－15cm，如遇土质不好，需进行客土或采取施肥措施的应适当加大穴槽规格。⑵挖种植穴、槽应垂直下挖，穴槽壁要平滑，上下口径大小要一致，挖出的表土和底土、好土、坏土分别置放。穴、槽壁要平滑，底部应留一土堆或一层活土。挖穴槽应垂直下挖，上下口径大小应一致。⑶在新垫土方地区挖树穴、槽，应将穴、槽底部踏实。在斜坡挖穴、槽应采取鱼鳞坑和水平条的方法。⑷挖植树穴、槽时遇障碍物，如电讯、电缆等应先停止操作，请示有关部门解决。1.3.2客土、施肥⑴土壤要求贵州景然生态园林建设有限公司6树木生长、发育都离不开土壤，因此土壤好坏影响着树木的成活，具体要求如下：A、种植树木所必须的最低土层应视树木规格大小而定，一般较树木根系至少加深30－40cm以上。B、种植前对土壤进行勘探，化验理化性质和测定土壤肥力。C、对不宜树木生长的建筑弃土，或含有害成份的土壤，必须进行客土，换上适宜树木生长的种植土。D、如设计规定或有特殊要求还可掺入部分腐植土，以改良土壤结构和增加肥力，一般可掺入1/5或1/4的腐植土。⑵施肥要求为供给树木养分，促进发育生长，可采取施肥措施，一般要求如下：A、施肥所需肥料应是经过充分腐熟的有机肥。B、施肥量应根据树木规格、土壤肥力、有机肥效高低等因素而定。C、施肥的方法：将有机肥搅碎、过筛与细土拌匀，平铺坑底，上面覆10cm种植土。1.3.3装运、卸苗和假植⑴装、运、卸和假植苗木的各环节均应保护好苗木，轻拿、轻放，必须保证根系和土球的完好，严禁摔坨。⑵装裸根苗木应顺序码放整齐，根部朝前，装时将树干加垫、捆牢，树冠用绳拢好。⑶长途运输应特别注意保持根部湿润，一般可采取沾泥浆、喷保湿剂和用苫布遮盖等方法。⑷装带土球苗木，应将土球放稳、固定好，不使其在车内滚动，土球应朝车头，树冠拢好。装绿篱苗时最多不得超过三层，以免压坏土球。⑸运输过程应保护好苗木，要配备押运人员，装运超长、宽的苗木要办理超长、超宽手续，押运人员应与司机配合好。⑹卸车时应顺序进行，按品种规格码放整齐，及时假植，缩短根部暴露时间。⑺使用吊车装卸苗木时，必须保证土球完好，拴绳必须拴土球，严禁捆树干吊树干。1.3.4修剪贵州景然生态园林建设有限公司7⑴移植时为平衡树势，提高植树成活率，应进行适度的强修剪。修剪时应在保证树木成活的前提下，尽量照顾不同品种树木自然生长规律和树形。修剪的剪口必须平滑，不得劈裂并注意留芽的方位。超过2cm以上的剪口，应用刀削平，涂抹防腐剂。修剪的方法，一般采取疏枝和短截。⑵树木的根部和高大落叶乔木树冠的修剪，均应在散苗后种植前进行，一般剪去劈、裂、断根、断枝、过长根、徒长枝和病虫根、枝。⑶绿篱、花篱或需造型修剪的树木，除根部修剪在种植前进行，树冠部