chapter 2 constrastive studeies of english and chi

Chapter2ContrastiveStudiesofEnglishandChinese2.1StudiesoftheEnglishLanguage(textbookp25-31self-study)2.2StudiesoftheChineseLanguage(textbookp32-35self-study)★2.3Englishvs.Chinese:TenPairsofFeatures2.3.1Syntheticvs.Analytic2.3.2Rigidvs.Supple2.3.3Hypotacticvs.Paratactic2.3.4Complexvs.Simplex2.3.5Impersonalvs.Personal2.3.6Passivevs.Active2.3.7Staticvs.Dynamic2.3.8Abstractvs.Concrete2.3.9Indirectvs.Direct2.3.10Substitutivevs.Repetitive2.3.1Syntheticvs.AnalyticSyntheticlanguage---useofinflectedforms---grammaticalrelationshipsAnalyticlanguage---useoffunctionwords,auxiliaryverbs,andchangesinwordorder---grammaticalrelationshipsInflectionalvs.non-inflectionalEnglish---theuseofinflectedforms---grammaticalmeanings(partsofspeech,gender,number,case,person,tense,aspect,voice,mood,andnon-finiteverbs)Chinese---contextsorbetweenthelines---grammaticalmeaningsExample:textbookp39example1Wordorder:flexiblevs.inflexibleEnglish:inversionInterrogativeinversionImperativeinversionExclamatoryinversionHypotheticalinversionBalanceinversionLinkinversionSignpostinversionNegativeinversionMetricalinversionExample:textbookp412.HehadflowninjustthedaybeforefromGeorgiawherehehadspenthisvacationbaskingintheCaucasiansunafterthecompletionoftheconstructionjobhehadbeenengagedininthesouth.他本来在南方从事一项建筑工程，任务完成之后，去格鲁吉亚度假，享受高加索的阳光，头一天才乘飞机回来。Hehadbeenengagedinaconstructionjobinthesouth,andafterhehadcompletedit,hewenttoGeorgiatospendhisvacationbaskingintheCaucasiansun,andflewbackjustthedaybefore.HehadflowninjustthedaybeforefromGeorgiawherehehadspenthisvacationbaskingintheCaucasiansunafterthecompletionoftheconstructionjobhehadbeenengagedininthesouth.Theuseoffunctionwords:EnglishandChinesemakeuseofdifferenttypesoffunctionwordsEnglishfunctionwords---articles,prepositions,auxiliaryverbs,coordinatorsandsubordinatorsChinesefunctionwords---particles,connectives,andprepositions.English---articles,prepositions/prepositionalphrases,connectivesChinese---particles---aspectparticles(动态助词：着、了、过);structuralparticles（结构助词：的、地、得);emotionalparticles（语气助词：嘛、吗、吧、呢）Examples:textbookp42-43Intonationvs.toneEnglish---intonationlanguage(语调语言)e.g.Youaregoingtobuythathouse.↘Youaregoingtobuythathouse.↗Chinese---tonelanguage（声调语言）e.g.买（mǎitobuy）卖(màitosell)Chinese---predominanceofdisyllablesandquadrisyllables---reduplicationofcharacters,repetitionofwords,four-characterexpressions,andparallelismofsyllables,words,phrases,andsentencestructuresExample:p44Asfarassightcouldreach,Ifeastedmyeyeonavastnessofinfinitecharm,whichpresenteditselfinaprofusionofcolor,inverdantluxuriance,indulcetwarbling,inpervadingperfume,inripplingundulation,incataractsprays,inhillywaves,infieldcrisscrossandverilyinvitalityandvariety.2.3.2Rigidvs.SuppleEnglish---rigidS-Vconcord---fivebasicpatterns(SV,SVP,SVO,SVoO,SVOC)Chinese---subject,predicate,“illogical”expressions,ambiguity,run-onsentenceExample:p45-46Analysismeanssuppleness,andsynthesismeansrigidity;inanalyticlanguagesyouhavethepowerofkaleidoscopicallyarrangingandrearrangingtheelementsthatinsyntheticformsareinrigidconnexion.---Jespersen“就句子的结构而论,西洋语言是法治的,中国语言是人治的。所谓‘法治’，即句子的形式严格受到语法的制约，如句子必须有主语和谓语动词，及物动词必须有宾语，这些不管用得着用不着，总要呆板地求句子形式的一律。所谓‘人治’，即句子比较不受形式的约束，可以因表意的需要而加以变通，词语的分合伸缩比较灵活，用得着就用，用不着就不用，只要双方意思明白，就可以了。英语有综合语的特征，受形式的约束，因而语法是硬的，没有弹性；汉语是分析语，不受形态的约束，因而语法是软的，富于弹性。”——王力2.3.3Hypotacticvs.ParatacticEnglish---hypotaxis---dependentorsubordinateconstructionorrelationshipofclauseswithconnectivese.g.Ishalldespairifyoudon’tcome.Chinese---parataxis---arrangingofclausesoneaftertheotherwithoutconnectives,showingtherelationbetweentheme.g.Therainfell;theriverflooded;thehousewashedaway.English---overtcohesion---relatives,connectives,prepositionsExample:p471.Chinese---covertcohesion---wordorder,contractedsentences,four-characterexpressions,repetition,antithesis,parallelismExample:p481-10西洋语的结构好像连环，虽则环与环都联络起来，毕竟有联络的痕迹；中国语的结构好像无缝天衣，只是一块一块的硬凑，凑起来还不让它有痕迹。西洋语法是硬的，没有弹性的；中国语法是软的，富于弹性的。惟其是硬的，所以西洋语法有许多呆板的要求，如每一个clause里必须有一个主语；惟其是软的，所以中国语法只以达意为主，如初系的目的位可兼次袭的主语，又如相关的两件事可以硬凑在一起，不用任何的connectiveword。——王力2.3.4Complexvs.simplexEnglish---subordination---subordinateclauseandphrase---anarchitecturestyle---longandcomplicatedsentencesChinese---coordination---looseorminorsentences,contractedsentences,ellipticalsentences,run-onsentences,compositesentences---achroniclestyle---shortandcompositesentencesExample:p491.2.3.Theisolationoftheruralworldbecauseofdistanceandthelackoftransportfacilitiesiscompoundedbythepaucityoftheinformationmedia.因为距离远，又缺乏交通工具，农村社会与外界隔绝。这种隔绝状态，由于通讯工作不足，就变得更加严重了。2.3.5Impersonalvs.PersonalEnglish---impersonalstyle---avoidingpron.I,we,you;passivevoice;beginningsentenceswith“it”;abstractnounsassubjectChinese---personalstyle---activeinformbutpassiveinsense;personalsubject;subjectlessandsubject-omittedsentencesExample:p512.Englishimpersonalsubjects/passivevoice→Chinesepersonalsubjects/activevoiceExample:p51-521.2.3.4.7.8.Anideasuddenlystruckme.我突然想到了一个主意。Alarmbegantotakeentirepossessionofher.他开