土壤PLFA测定方法一、原理:Phospholipidfattyacids(PLFAs)areexclusivelypresentinthemembranesofalllivingcells.ThePLFAprofileofthesoilmicrobialcommunityreflectsbothspeciescompositionandrelativespeciesabundance.Phospholipidsdecomposerapidlyoncelldeath(byhydrolysisofthephosphategroupbycellularenzymes)thereforeitisassuredthatonlythelivingcellsarestudied.PLFAprofilesaredeterminedusingamodificationofthemethoddescribedbyFrostegardetal(1991),asbasedonthemethoddescribedbyBlighandDyer(1952)andWhiteetal(1979).N.B.(注意事项)Avoidexcessiveexposuretolightthroughoutthismethod,especiallyfromfluorescentlights,aslightdegradesphospholipids.(易被光解,故后续操作用锡纸包裹)Glasswareshouldbeionandorganicfree.Dirtyglasswareshouldbeimmersedinhotwaterwithphosphatedetergent(Decon)andrinseddeionisedwater.Thedryglasswarecanthenbeeitherwrappedinaluminumfoilandheatedat450ºCfor4hrsoralternativelyrinsedinmethanolthenchloroformanddried.Alternativelyusenewsterileglassmediabottlesthroughout.Theneedlesofthesampleconcentratorshouldbewashedinmethanolbeforeuse.(氮吹仪针头,用前用正己烷擦拭)FattyAcidMethyylEsters(FAMEs)canbequantifiedbyusingnonadecanoicacidasaninternalstandard(定量用内标).AFAMEstandardsuppliedbySupelcoisusedforqualityassuranceoftheGCrun.附表:试验用药品、仪器清单。准备——FirstStage(0.5day)二、提取1、试剂0.15mol/L柠檬酸缓冲液:31.52g柠檬酸溶解于1L去离子水中,用NaOH调pH到4.0;Bligh-Dyer土壤提取液:氯仿:甲醇:柠檬酸缓冲液=1:2:0.8(体积比),Add0.005%w/v(50mgl-1)butylatedhydroxytoluene(丁基羟基甲苯)asananti-oxidant,使保存时间增长。2、具体步骤取5.0-10.0g鲜土,冷冻干燥后置于50ml特氟龙管中;加入15mlBligh-Dyer土壤提取液;超声30分钟,振荡30分钟(180rpm),离心(3800rpm)10分钟;用Pasteurpipette或倾倒法将上清液转移至50ml干净的玻璃管中(试管需提前用锡纸包好);再取10mlBligh-Dyer土壤提取液于特氟龙管中,超声20分钟,振荡10分钟,3800rpm离心10分钟,用Pasteurpipette或倾倒法将上清液转移至试管中(两次上清液混合);在上清液混合的试管中加4ml柠檬酸缓冲液和4ml氯仿,涡旋振荡至溶液呈白色浑浊状(约10秒);锡纸封口4℃冰箱中静置过夜;——SecondStage(0.5day)用长滴管吸出下层液体至10mL螺口管中,用氮气吹干(inawaterbathsetat37ºCtopreventthebreakdownofunsaturatedfattyacids.Whendryingthesamplesundernitrogenavoidcrosscontamination(交叉污染)ofsamplesbykeepingtheneedlesclean);-20℃冰箱保存待过柱。三、过柱纯化1、硅胶柱准备在硅胶柱上加入0.5g无水硫酸钠;先后用2ml甲醇、丙酮和氯仿润洗硅胶柱,稍微静置待洗液完全滤干;加入2ml氯仿,并且让氯仿流下(从此处开始要注意不能让硅胶柱干)。2、具体步骤加入1ml氯仿至螺口管中重新溶解氮吹后的样品(注意使壁上的残留也完全溶于氯仿,若出现絮状不溶物,则需加入0.5ml甲醇,用氮吹干后继续上步,直至加入无不溶物出现);将溶解后的样品用长滴管加到硅胶柱中;加入4ml氯仿(2ml×2次)将中性脂质洗脱(先加入螺口管,继而转移至硅胶柱);用12ml丙酮(2ml×6次)将糖脂洗脱(先加入螺口管,继而转移至硅胶柱);换干净的螺口管,以接受产物;加入8ml甲醇(2ml×4次)将磷脂洗脱;37℃水浴氮吹去有机溶剂,加入内标溶液200μl,再次氮吹干燥;产物置于-20℃冷冻保存。四、甲基化1、试剂试剂a:体积比1:1的甲苯(分析纯)和甲醇(色谱纯)。Thismixmustbekeptmoisturefreebystoringonsodiumsulphate(加少许无水硫酸钠)试剂b:0.2M的KOH,0.56gKOH溶于50ml色谱纯的甲醇中。Thismustbemoisturefreeandsoispreparedonthedayofuse.Potassiumhydroxideishygroscopic,andshouldthereforebekeptoutofairtopreventwaterabsorption(当天配用)试剂c:1M醋酸溶液(59ml冰醋酸用水定容至1L)试剂d:正己烷:氯仿体积比4:1(色谱纯)2、具体步骤加入1ml试剂a将样品溶解;加入1ml试剂b将脂肪水解;涡旋混匀后置于37℃培养30min;加入0.25ml试剂c用以调节pH和终止反应;加入5ml试剂d,混匀后再加入3ml去离子水(washedwithchloroformifnecessary);超声30min,冷藏(4℃)过夜或——ThirdStage(0.75day)五、清洗1、试剂0.3MNaOH2、具体步骤静置过夜后,使用Pasteurpipette吸取上清液于干净螺口管中;加入3ml0.3MNaOH溶液,混匀后静置片刻待其分层;用Pasteurpipette吸取上层液到干净螺口管中;20-25℃条件下用氮将其吹干;Storethedriedfattyacidmethylesters(FAMEs)inafreezerat-20ºCundernitrogen。——FourthStage(0.25day)六、上机用2×100μL的正己烷(色谱纯,HPLC)溶解螺口管中的待测样品,转移到内插管中,测定。注意事项:安全:需穿带实验服、手套;所有操作均在通风橱中进行。溶剂:氯仿,甲醇,丙酮,60ug/mL的内标样十九烷酸nonadecanoicacid(C19:0,溶于甲醇)C19:0InternalStandard:weighaccuratelyto5decimalplaces,approximately6mgofNonadecanoicacidMethylEster(C20H40O2)anddissolvein250mlmethanol(storeincoldroomat3-5oC).Theweightusedmustberecorded(6monthsexpiry);器皿:所有玻璃仪器用前都要用酸水浸泡、纯水冲洗和烘干,未烘干时需用正己烷清洗并吹干。附表:试验用药品、仪器清单(8个样品为标准)药品器皿及其数量仪器正己烷玻璃试剂瓶(1000ml)*2冷冻干燥仪柠檬酸玻璃试剂瓶(200ml)*5超声仪氢氧化钠塑料试剂瓶(500ml)*1摇床氯仿特氟龙管*8离心机甲醇专用玻璃管*8冰箱丁基羟基甲苯巴斯德管胶头*8涡旋仪锡纸巴斯德管*8+8+8+8+8氮吹仪氮气移液管(20ml)*1水浴锅无水硫酸钠专用加液枪*1真空泵丙酮枪头*2+2+5+1(细型)恒温培养设备内标样螺口管*8+8+8+8(短)+8(短,装废液用)通风橱甲苯硅胶柱架*1氢氧化钾硅胶柱*8冰醋酸硅胶柱接头*8硅胶柱针头*8GC管和盖子*8内插管*8样品瓶架备注备注备注试剂药品尽量使用优级纯级别