美国超验主义英语介绍

RalphWaldoEmerson爱默生HenryDavidThoreau梭罗AmericanTranscendentalism美国超验主义•Abroad,philosophicalmovementinNewEnglandduringtheRomanticera（peak：1836-1855）thefirstAmericanintellectualmovement.•StartedbyagroupofpeopleintheTranscendentalClubinthe1830swhopublishedtheirviewsinthejournalTheDialHistoricalbackgroundTranscendentalistbelievedinstinctorintuitionisthedeepestlevelofman’ssoul.Theytriedtofindtruththroughfeeling,ratherthanthroughlogic.Sotheywritenotinalogicalway.Wecansaytheyformedamovementoffeelings&beliefsratherthanasystemofphilosophy.BriefIntroduction•''Theworldshrankitselfintoadropofdew.''世界将其自身缩小成为一滴露水BelieveyourselfApersonmustbeabletobecomewhathewantstobeMottosThemajorfeaturesofTranscendentalists1.emphasisonSpiritortheOversoul---Oversoulisaunitary（统一的）powerofgoodness，omnipresent（无所不在的）andomnipotent（无所不能的），fromwhichallthingscameandofwhicheveryonewasapart。2.theimportanceoftheindividual3.natureisthesymbolofSpiritorGod•1.至善absolutegood•2.纯洁无暇unspottedinnocenceofnature•3.人具有神性humanitywasgodlikeandthatevilwasnonexistentappearedtobeanoptimisticfollyCreedsSources1.欧洲浪漫主义文学【theromanticliteratureofEurope】2.新柏拉图主义【neo-Platonism】3.德国理想主义哲学【Germanidealisticphilosophy】4.东方神秘主义【Orientalmysticism】WeaknessesThetranscendentalistmovementhadasmallmembershipandonlylastedforafewyears.Thetranscendentalismwasneverasystematicphilosophy.Itborrowedfrommanysources.ThefailureoftranscendentalismasamoralforceinAmericanlifewasitsdenialofitsrealspiritualorigin.爱默生RalphWaldoEmerson梭罗HenryDavidThoreauRalphWaldoEmersonRalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882)philosopher,lecturer,essayist,andpoet,leadingtheTranscendentalistmovementachampion（拥护者）ofindividualismaprescient（有先见之明的）criticofthecountervailing（对抗性的）pressuresofsociety.Nature.ItistheBibleoftranscendentalists.ItcontainsalmosteverythingEmersonwantstosayintherestofhislife.Hislaterworksweremostlytoillustratethebook.“AmericanScholar”:American’sdeclarationofintellectualindependence.(todevelopAmerican’sownculture)Emerson'sworkHenryDavidThoreau1817-1862HeisbestknownforhisbookWalden,areflectionuponsimplelivinginnaturalsurroundings,andhisessay,CivilDisobedience,anargumentforindividualresistancetocivilgovernmentinmoraloppositiontoanunjuststate.WaldenA)Itwasn’tasuccessfulbookatthetimeitwaspublishedandhasbeenvirtuallyforgottenuntil20thcentury.B)Itisthecarefulrecordingofday-to-daylifeatWaldenpoundandreflectiononhowonecanlivesimplyandtrulyItillustrateshisdesiretobeindependentandfindtruthforhimself.•“IwenttothewoodsbecauseIwishedtolivedeliberately,tofrontonlytheessentialfactsoflife,andseeifIcouldnotlearnwhatithadtoteach,andnot,whenIcametodie,discoverthatIhadnotlived.”•我到林中去，因为我希望谨慎地生活，只面对生活的基本事实，看看我是否学得到生活要教育我的东西，免得到了临死的时候，才发现我根本就没有生活过。excerptofWalden