十七世纪的英国文学

1The17thCenturyThePeriodofRevolutionandRestoration2HistoricalBackground:TheWeakeningoftheTieBetweenMonarchyandBourgeoisie:TheClashesBetweentheKingandParliament:TheOutburstoftheEnglishRevolution:TheBourgeoisdictatorshipandtheRestoration:3LiteraryCharacteristicsoftheRevolution/PuritanPeriod:DifferencesbetweenPuritanandElizabethanLiterature1.Elizabethanliteraturehasamarkedunityinspirit,resultingfromthepatriotismofallclassesandtheirdevotiontoaqueen.Puritanliterature,withthekingstheenemiesofthethepeople,isasdividedinspiritasthecountryisdividedwiththestruggleforpoliticalandreligiousliberty42.Elizabethanliteratureisgenerallyinspiring;itthrobswith跳动,悸动youthandvitality.Puritanliteraturespeaksofsadnessandpessimism;evenitsbrightesthoursarefollowedbygloom.53.Elizabethanliteratureisintenselyromantic.InPuritanliteratureacriticalandintellectualspirittakestheplaceofromanticardor.6Puritanliteratureisdividedinspiritsadnessandpessimism;gloom.acriticalandintellectualspiritLiteraryCharacteristicsoftheRevolutionPeriod7groupsofpoetsTheCavalierPoets（骑士派诗人）:agroupofEnglishgentlemenpoetsloyaltoCharlesI(1625–49)duringtheEnglishCivilWars,theywereknownfortheirlightandamorousverse.8SirJohnSuckling(1609-42)萨柯令RichardLovelace(1618-58)那弗勒斯RobertHerrick(1591-1674)赫里克9Metaphysicalpoets玄学派诗人10Metaphysicalpoets(玄学派诗人):agroupofEnglishlyricpoetsofthe17thcenturycharacterizedbytheirmetaphysical极度抽象的conceit奇想(afigureofspeechthatemploysunusualandparadoxical诡辩的images),arelianceonintellectualwit（巧智）,learnedimagery,andsubtleargument.ThemostimportantmetaphysicalpoetsareJohnDonne,GeorgeHerbertandAndrewMarvell.11PuritanPoets:JohnMilton12Conceit奇想Aconceitisafigureofspeechwhichmakesanunusualandsometimeselaborately精巧地sustainedcomparisonbetweentwodissimilarthings.Itsuckedmefirst,andnowsucksthee,Andinthisflea,ourbloodsmingledbe;ThisfleaisyouandI,andthisOurmarriagebed,andmarriagetempleis;13CharacteristicsofMetaphysicalPoetry1.Intellectuality理性化:intellectual,analyticalandpsychologicalratherthanemotional感性2.LeadingFigurativeDevice:CONCEIT3.Argumentativestructure:argumentwiththepoet'slover,withGod,withoneself4.Theme:love,deathandreligion145.Dramaticandcolloquialmodeofutterance:monologues独白ordialogues,colloquialandhomelylanguage,conversationalidiom6.ElementsofWIT巧智:paradox自相矛盾的话,pun双关,antithesis直接对照,startlingcontrast7.Meter:oftenrugged不文雅的,unmetrical不讲究格律的,notsweetorsmoothlikeElizabethanverse15ProseProse:touchedbyspiritualgloomRobertBurton:“AnatomyofMelancholy”16LiteraryfeaturesoftheRestorationthetendencytovulgarrealisminthedramathedevelopmentofasimplerandmoredirectprosestyleageneralformalism;fixedrulestheprevalenceoftheheroiccoupletinpoetryJohnDryden:critic,poetandplaywright17JohnDonne(1572-1631)Poet,prosewriterRepresentativeofMetaphysicalPoetry18lifeRomanCatholicfamily,educatedatbothOxfordandCambridge,Lincoln’sInnSirThomasEgerton,lordkeeperofthegreatseal16-year-oldAnnMoreconversiontoAnglicanismDeanofSt.Paul’sCathedral19Literarycareer:twoperiodsearlyperiod:lovelyricslaterperiod:sermons(proseworks),religious20MajorworksTheSongsandSonnets(lovepoems)歌与短歌Love;theunionofsoulandbody.21ArtisticfeaturesThefrequentusesofconceits–extendedmetaphorsinvolvingdramaticcontrasts.Involvementofcertainkindofargument.Hisproseworks(sermons)arerichandimaginative.22DeathBeNotProudThepoemrevealshisbeliefinlifeafterdeath.Deathiscomparedtorestorsleep.Theideaisexpressedinthesupposeddialoguewith“death”.ItiswritteninthestrictPetrarchanpattern,with14linesofiambicrhymingabbaabbacddcee.23JohnMiltonCareer:3periodsThe1stperiod(1625—1640)•ShortPoemsL’Allegro快乐的人Il’Penseroso幽思的人Lycidas莱西达斯Comus考玛斯24The2ndperiod(1640—1660)•ProsePamphletsSpeechfortheLibertyofUnlicensedPrinting《论出版自由》Eikonoklasted《偶像破坏者》DefensefortheEnglishPeople《为英国人民声辩》25The3rdperiod(1660—1674)epicsand1poeticdramaParadiseLost失乐园ParadiseRegained复乐园SamsonAgonistes力士叁孙26Miltonisdictatinghispoem27Milton’sStyleanoutstandingpoliticalpamphleteeragrandstyle；notedforsublimityofthoughtandmajestyofexpression.masterofblankverseLatinizedstyle/“Miltonicstyle”，onesentencerunningperhapsacrossseverallinesBiblicalandclassicalallusions,similesareobscure28SamsonAgonistes:versedramaSamsonkillsalion29SamsonandDelilah303132ParadiseLostfromtheBible;aboutSatan’srevoltagainstGodandman’slossofparadise.“justifythewaysofGodtomen”,Satantriestojustifyhimself,servesasthemouthpieceofMiltonblankverse33Allegory寓言讽喻Anarrativeinproseorversethatconveysasymbolicmeaningthatliesoutsidethenarrativeitself.Theunderlyingmeaninghasmoral,social,religiousorpoliticalsignificanceandcharactersareoftenpersonificationsofabstractideas.Relatedformsarefableandtheparable,whicharedidactic说教的,comparativelyshortandsimpleallegories.343536373839404142Expulsion43ThemeandCharacterizationTheme:topraisetheheroicrevoltofSatanagainstGod’sauthority.God:aselfishdespot,seateduponathronewithachorusofangelsaroundhimeternallysinginghispraises.HeiscruelandunjustinpunishingSatan.AdamandEve:longingforknowledge,whichopensbeforemankindawideroadtointelligentandactivelife.ArchangelRaphael:boringands