princ-ch13-presentation6e(2012)

生产成本©2013CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.PremiumPowerPointSlidesbyRonCronovich2012UPDATEN.格里高利.曼昆著经济学原理第六版13生产成本本教学PPT双语版由浙江工商大学经济学院陈宇峰编译1主动学习1关于成本的头脑风暴你经营福特汽车公司列出你的三种不同的成本列出影响你成本的三种不同的商业决策©2013CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.©2013CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.3*本章我们将探索这些问题的答案：•什么是生产函数？什么是边际产量？它们之间有什么关系？•可变成本有哪些？可变成本之间有什么样的联系以及它们与产出又有什么关系？•短期成本与长期成本之间有什么不同？•什么是规模经济？©2013CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.4*总收益，总成本，利润我们假定企业的目标是利润最大化利润=总收益–总成本企业出售其产品所得到的货币量企业用于生产的投入品的市场价值©2013CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.5*显性成本与隐性成本显性成本：需要企业支出货币的投入成本例如：支付给工人的工资隐性成本：不需要企业支付货币的投入成本例如：企业所有者时间的机会成本记住经济学的十大原理之一：某种东西的成本是你为了得到它所放弃的东西无论对于显性成本还是隐性成本，这都是正确的。两者对于企业决策都是重要的©2013CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.6*显性成本与隐性成本：一个例子你需要$100,000开始你的业务。利率为5%.情形1：借$100,000显性成本=$5000借款利息情形2:使用$40,000储蓄，并借$60,000显性成本=$3000(5%)借款利息隐性成本=$2000(5%)损失了你原本可以获得的$40,000的利息在两种情形中，总成本（显性+隐性）都是$5000©2013CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.7*经济利润与会计利润会计利润=总收益-总显性成本经济利润=总收益-总成本（包括显性成本与隐性成本）会计利润没有考虑隐性成本，因此会计利润要大于经济利润主动学习2经济利润vs.会计利润办公室的均衡租金上涨了$500/每月在以下情形下，确定对会计利润与经济利润的影响：a.你租用办公室b.你自己拥有办公室©2013CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.主动学习2参考答案办公室的均衡租金上涨了$500/每月a.你租用办公室显性成本增加了$500/每月。会计利润与经济利润都减少了$500/每月b.你自己拥有办公室显性成本没有变化，因此会计利润也不会变。隐性成本增加了$500/每月（使用你办公室的机会成本是租用它的价格），因此经济利润减少了$500/每月©2013CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.©2013CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.10*生产函数生产函数：用于生产一种物品的投入量与该物品产量之间的关系它能用表格，方程式或者图形来表示例1:农民Jack种植小麦他有5英亩的土地他可以雇佣任意数量的工人©2013CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.11*05001,0001,5002,0002,5003,000012345工人的数量产出的数量例1:农民Jack的生产函数300052800424003180021000100Q(蒲式耳小麦)L(工人的数量)©2013CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.12*边际产量如果Jack多雇佣一个工人，他产出增加量为劳动的边际产量投入的边际产量：在其他投入量不变情况下，增加一单位投入所引起的产量增加符号：∆(delta)=“变动…”例：∆Q=产出的变动量,∆L=劳动的变动量劳动的边际产量(MPL)=∆Q∆L©2013CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.13*300052800424003180021000100Q(蒲式耳小麦)L(工人的数量)例1:总产量与边际产量2004006008001000MPL∆Q=1000∆L=1∆Q=800∆L=1∆Q=600∆L=1∆Q=400∆L=1∆Q=200∆L=1©2013CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.14*MPLequalstheslopeoftheproductionfunction.NoticethatMPLdiminishesasLincreases.ThisexplainswhytheproductionfunctiongetsflatterasLincreases.05001,0001,5002,0002,5003,000012345工人的数量产出的数量例1:劳动的边际产量=生产函数的斜率3000520028004400240036001800280010001100000MPLQ(蒲式耳小麦)L(工人的数量)©2013CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.15*为什么劳动的边际产量重要经济学十大原理之一：理性人考虑边际量如果农民Jack多雇佣了一个工人，由于付的工资多了