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TheGrapesofWrath愤怒的葡萄(1940)Content:•BackgroundInformation•IntroductionofAuthor•TheGrapesofWrathSocialbackgroundWiththeStockMarketcrashof1929,AmericamovedintotheGreatDepression.TheeconomicstructureintheU.S.A.changed.Thegapbetweentherichandthepoorlengthened.Moreandmorepeoplelosttheirjobs,sotheunemploymentandpovertybecamethemainsocialproblems.ThenalotofpeoplewentalongtheHighway66tocalifornia,hopingtofindjobs,lands,dignitiesandthieirfutures.JohnSteinbeck(1902-1968)•1902,borninSalinas,California•1920,enrolledinStanfordUniversity•1925,wenttoNewYork•1925,ReturnedtoCalifornia,startedwritingcareer•1940,thePulitzerPrize•1962,NobelPrizeforliterature•1968,PassedawayJohnSteinbeck(1902-1968)HisMajorworks1.Firstnovel:CupofGold(1929)《金杯》2.TortillaFlat(1935):acollectionofshortstoriesaboutanimaginaryMexican-AmericantowninCalifornia.3.InDubiousBattle(1936)《胜负未决》：aboutthestrikebymigrantfarm-workers4.OfMiceandMen(1937)《人鼠之间》：thetragicfriendshipbetweenamigrantworkerandhisfriend5.TheGrapesofWrath(1939)《愤怒的葡萄》hismasterpiece6.CanneryRow(1945)《罐头厂街》7.TravlewithCharleyinserachofAmerica(1962)PointofViewa.Hisbestwritingwasproducedoutofoutrageattheinjusticesofthesocieties,andtheadmirationforthestrongspiritofthepoor.b.Histhemewasusuallysimplehumanvirtures,suchaskindnessandfairtreatment,whicharefarsuperiortothedehumanizingcrueltyofexploiters.Writingstyle•a.poeticquality•b.regionaldiaclet•c.characterization:manytypesofcharactersratherthanindividuals•d.manysymbols•e.socialprotect:spokenmanforthepoverty-strickenpeople《TheGrapesofWrath》isanovelpublishedin1939andwrittenbyJohnSteinbeck,whowasawardedthePulitzerPrizein1940andtheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1962.SetduringtheGreatDepression,thenovelfocusesonapoorfamilyofsharecroppers,theJoads,drivenfromtheirOklahomahomebydrought,economichardship,andchangesintheagricultureindustry.Inanearlyhopelesssituation,partlybecausetheyweretrappedintheDustBowl,theysetoutforCaliforniaalongwiththousandsofotherOkiesinsearchofland,jobsanddignity.TheGrapesofWrathisfrequentlyreadinAmericanhighschoolandcollegeliteratureclasses.•《愤怒的葡萄》长篇小说。斯坦培克著。作于1939年。是美国30年代大萧条时期的一部史诗。小说主人公约德刑满被释回家，发现家乡一片荒芜，只得携家乘坐一辆破旧的汽车到西部谋生，在那里的一个农场做工。一家人拼命干活，只能勉强糊口，农场主还不断地压低工资。农工们奋起反抗，举行罢工，警察前来镇压，牧师凯绥同情农工，被武装流氓打死。约德将凶手击毙，只得再次背井离乡。这部作品，反映了广大人民群众对现存社会的日益不满和叛逆精神，具有鲜明的时代特征。为此，斯坦贝克成了“被压迫者的代言人”。在艺术上，再现了30年代大萧条时期的生活，在人物形象的塑造上，强调外部特征，而不是探究微妙的心理，因而他笔下的人物是类型化的而不是个性化的。象征手法和讽刺手法在作品中也得到了很好的运用。theMajorCharactersTomJoadMaJoadfriendJimCasyRoseofSharonConnieRivers•TomJoad——good-natured,thoughtful,strength•Protagonistofthestory;theJoadfamily'ssecondson,namedafterhisfather.Lateron,Tomtakesleadershipofthefamilyeventhoughheisyoung.•MaJoad——matriarch,practical,warm-spirited,“thecitadelofthefamily.”•ThemotheroftheJoadfamily.Sheisthehealerofthefamily’sillsandthearbiterofitsarguments,andherabilitytoperformthesetasksgrowsasthenovelprogresses.JimCasy——radicalphilosopher,amotivatorandunifierofmen,andamartyrAformerpreacherwhogaveuphisministryoutofabeliefthatallhumanexperienceisholy.CasygoestoprisoninTom’ssteadforafightthateruptsbetweenlaborersandtheCaliforniapolice.Heemergesadeterminedorganizerofthemigrantworkers.•RoseofSharon----animpractical,petulant,andromanticyoungwoman•TheoldestofMaandPaJoad’sdaughters,andConnie'swife.•Bytheendofthenovel,shematuresconsiderably,andpossessesthereaderlearnswithsurprise,somethingofhermother’sindomitablespiritandgrace.PlotAnalysis①.InitialSituation——ThelandischangingTomJoadisparoledfromprisonforhomicide.Onhisjourneyhome,hemeetsanow-formerpreacher,JimCasy,whomheremembersfromhischildhood,andthetwotraveltogether.Whentheyarriveathischildhoodfarmhome,Oklahoma，theyfinditdeserted.There'sbeenadrought,duststormsarerampant,cropsaredead,theeconomyisweak,andlandownersmustkicktenantfarmers(liketheJoads)offoftheland.②.Conflict——TheJoadsmustmovewestward.TheJoadsbuyacarandmovewest,likethousandsofotherfamilies,insearchofanewlife,anewhome,andnewopportunity.WithnoworkhereinOklahoma,theyhavenootherchoice.☂.Complication——Californiaisnotallthat.OverthreehundredthousandpeoplehavemovedtoCalifornia,alllookingforthesamething:jobs.TheJoadscan'tfindanyjobsandcan'tsettledown.Theyarehungry,theyaretired,theylosefourmembersofthefamily.④.Climax——Tomkillsaman.TomisreunitedwithReverendCasy,whohasbecomeanagitatororapicketer,fightingforworkerrights.TheauthoritiesmurderCasy,andTomkillsoneoftheauthorities.He'sinbigtroublenow.⑤.Suspense—Ruthiespillsthebeans.Thefloodwatersrise.Tomtriestohidefromtheworlduntilthemurderhe'scommittedblowsover,buthislittlesisteraccidentallyspillsthebeansandtellstheworldwhathe'sdone.Meanwhile,itstartsrainingreallyhardandthecreekbesidetheJoads'boxcarhomerises.⑥.Denouement——Tomrunsaway,theJoadsescapeNotwantingtodraghisfamilyintohiscrime,Tomrunsawayforgood.Asthefloodwaterscontinuetorise,RoseofSharon'sbabyisstillborn.TheJoadsleavetheirboxcarinsearchofhigheranddryerground.⑦.Conclusion——Adyingmanisnursed.Intheend,RoseofSharoncommitstheonlyactinthebookthatisnotfutile:shebreastfeedsamantoosickfromstarvationtoeatsolidfood,stilltryingtoshowhopeinhumanityafterherownne