2008 Guidelines to Defra s GHG Conversion Factors

2008GuidelinestoDefra’sGHGConversionFactors:MethodologyPaperforTransportEmissionFactorsJuly2008:02072386000Website:©Queen'sPrinterandControllerofHMSO2008Thispublication(excludingtheRoyalArmsanddepartmentallogos)maybere-usedfreeofchargeinanyformatormediumforresearchfornon-commercialpurposes,privatestudyorforinternalcirculationwithinanorganisation.Thisissubjecttoitbeingre-usedaccuratelyandnotusedinamisleadingcontext.ThematerialmustbeacknowledgedasCrowncopyrightandthetitleofthepublicationspecified.ForanyotheruseofthismaterialpleaseapplyforaClick-UseLicenceforPublicSectorInformation(PSI)orcorematerialat::[phone];email:[e-mail]blicationisavailablefrom:AEATheGeminiBuildingFermiAvenueHarwellDidcotOX110QRThisdocumentisavailableontheDefrawebsiteandhasbeenproducedbyAEAPublishedbytheDepartmentforEnvironment,FoodandRuralAffairs2008GuidelinestoDefra’sGHGConversionFactors:MethodologyPaperforTransportEmissionFactorsContentsI.INTRODUCTION3II.AVIATION4PreviousApproach4NewPassengerAirTransportEmissionFactors5NewFreightAirTransportEmissionFactors10OtherFactorsfortheCalculationofCO2Emissions13III.PASSENGERSURFACETRANSPORT14PassengerCars14Taxis19Vans20Buses20Motorcycles21PassengerRail23RoPaxFerries25IV.FREIGHTSURFACETRANSPORT26HeavyGoodsVehicles(HGVs)26LightGoodsVehicles(LGVs)30RailFreight30RoPaxFerryFreight31OtherMarineFreightTransport32I.Introduction1.EmissionsfactorsarerequiredtoestimatetheCO2impactperkm(orpassenger-km,tonne-km)frompassengerandfreighttransport.Thesefactorsaretobeusedinanumberofdifferentpoliciesincluding:offsetting,Defra(andDfT)personalCO2calculatorsandtoupdatetheGuidelinestoDefra’sGreenhouseGas(GHG)ConversionFactors,whichrepresentthecurrentofficialsetofgovernmentemissionsfactors.Thispaperoutlinesthemethodologyusedtoupdatetheemissionsfactorsforpassengerandfreighttransportforthe2008update.Thenewfactorsarepresentedattheendofeachoftherelevantfollowingsections.2.Sincethepreviousupdate,significantworkhasbeencarriedouttoprovideacodeforoffsetting.Aspartoftherequirementsofthiswork,astandardsetofemissionfactorsforeachofthesourcesneededtobedevelopedtocalculatetheemissions.Existingfactorshavebeensupplementedbyupdated/newfactorsdevelopedforaviation(byseatingclass),aswellasforotherpassengertransportmodes(includingbuses,vans,taxisandcarsbymarketsegment)andforfreighttransport.Thismethodologypaperexplainshowtheexistingfactorshavebeenupdatedandthenewfactorshavebeendeveloped.Page3of353.FurtherinformationaboutthecurrentemissionfactorsannexedtotheCompanyReportingGuidelines(theDefraGHGConversionFactors)andthefactorsusedintheActonCO2calculatoronthesecanbefoundat:://(CRG),releasedinJuly2007,reportedCO2emissionfactorsforestimatinggreenhousegasemissions(theDefraGHGConversionFactors).7.Forairpassengertransport,therewerethreefactorspresented,onefordomestic,oneforshorthaulandoneforlonghaul,asfollows:a.Longhaul105.6g/CO2perpassengerkmb.Shorthaul130.4g/CO2perpassengerkmc.Domestic158.0g/CO2perpassengerkm8.ThesefactorswerepresentedtogetherwithamethodologypaperontheDefrawebsite.Anextractfromthe2007methodologypaperonthedevelopmentoftheseemissionfactorsispresentedintheAnnextothispaper.9.ThefactorsareusedintheActonCO2calculatorreleasedinJune2007andintheJuly2007releaseoftheDefraGHGconversionfactors(DCF).Theywerebasedonmoreuptodateinformationandassumptionsthantheprevious(2005)version,allowingamorerepresentativeviewoftheemissionsperpassengerkmfordifferenttypesofflights.10.However,sincetheirreleaseanumberofcriticismsintheassumptionsusedinthecalculationoftheemissionfactorshavebeenraisedbytheaviationindustry.Themaincommentsincludethefollowing:a.Theloadfactorusedforshort-haulflights(65%)wastoolow;b.Theshort-haulflightcalculationshouldincludenewer,moreefficientaircraftinthecalculations(suchasAirbus319andBoeing737-800),asthesecompriseasignificantproportionofEuropeanflights.Page4of35c.Someoftheaverageseatingcapacitiesonthedifferentaircrafttypeswerequestioned;d.Freightcarriedonpassengerserviceshasnotbe