中国戏曲Chinese Opera

中国文化ChineseOperaBeJingOperaKunquOperaChineseOpera戏曲是中国传统的戏剧形式,综合了对白、音乐、歌唱、舞蹈、武术和杂技等多种表演方式。ChineseOperaisthetraditionalformofChinesetheatre,whichcombinesdialogue,music,vocalperformance,dance,kungfu（gongfu）,acrobatics,andsoon.Theoriginofitcanbetracedbacktothesinginganddancingandreligiousritualsinprimitivetimes.throughaverylongperiodofdevelopmentandreform,InthelateSongDynasty(960-1279A.D.)andtheearlyYuanDynasty(1279-1368A.D.),ChineseOperaformamatureandcompleteartisticsystem.中国戏曲的起源可追溯到原始社会的歌舞和宗教仪式，并经过漫长的发展和革新，才逐渐在宋元时期形成了比较完整成熟的艺术体系。PekingOperaAmongthehundredsofformsofoperathroughoutChina,BeijingOperahasthegreatestinfluenceandisthereforeregardedasanationalopera.Ithasalonghistoryandacompletesystemofstageperformance.BeijingOperaisthetreasureofChineseculture.MeiLanfangisacknowledgedtobethesymbolofChina'sperformingart.Duringhisstagecareer,hecreatedmanylivelyandunforgettableartisticimagesThemusicofBeijingOperamainlycombinestheErHuangtune,theXiPitune,andmelodiesofKunqu.TypicalChinesemusicalinstrumentsareusedinaBeijingOperaorchestra,suchasJingHu(two-stringfiddle),PiPa(Chineselute),Sheng(reedpipes),drumsandgongs.京剧的音乐主要由“西皮”、“二黄”和昆曲曲牌组成，以京胡、琵琶、笙、锣鼓等典型中国传统乐器伴奏。在中国数百种戏曲之中，京剧拥有最广泛的影响力，被称为国剧。TherolesinBeijingOperaaredividedintofourmaintypesaccordingtothesex,age,socialstatus,andprofessionofthecharacter:•Sheng(maleroles),•Dan(femaleroles),•Jing(roleswithpaintedfaces)•Chou(clowns)andbesides,therearesomeotherminortypes.京剧的角色主要根据性别、年龄、社会地位和职业分为四大行当：生（男性）、旦（女性）、净（花脸）、丑，此外还有一些配角行当。FacialpaintingisaprominentfeatureofBeijingOpera.Itshowsthecharacter'sage,professionandpersonalitybyusingdifferentpatternsandcolors.Eachcolorsymbolizesacertaincharacteristic;①redforloyaltyanduprightness;②blackforarough,sternorhonestnature;③yellowforrashnessandfierceness;④whiteforcunningnessanddeceitfulness;⑤purpleforbraveryandwisdom;⑥blueforadaringandvigorouscharacter;⑦goldandsilverforgodsanddemons.脸谱是京剧中最有特色的艺术。人物的年龄、职业和个性都通过不同的图案和颜色体现，每一种颜色都代表不同的特点。比如红色描绘人物的赤胆忠心，黑色体现人物忠耿正直，黄色表示人物剽悍或残暴，白色暗喻人物生性奸诈，紫色象征智勇刚义，蓝色喻意刚强勇猛，金色和银色多用于神、佛、鬼怪。KunquOperaAccordingtopartialstatistics,thereareover360regionaloperastylesinChina,amongwhich,KunquOperaisoneoftheoldestextantformsofChineseOpera.KunquOpera,whichevolvedfromtheKunshanmelodyintheYuanDynasty,boastsa600-yearhistory.据不完全统计，我国各地约有三百六十多种戏曲剧种，其中昆曲是现存最古老的剧种之一。昆曲发源于元朝的昆山腔，至今已有六百多年的历史。Renownedforitsgentleandclearvocals,beautifulandrefinedtunes,KunqugraduallyspreadfromKunshanregionnearbySuzhoutotherestofChina.KunqudominatedChinesetheatrefromthe16thtothe18thcenturies,widelypopularamonggentryandcommonpeople.Kunquisknownasthemotherofahundredoperas,becauseofitsinfluenceonotherChinesetheatreforms,includingBeijingopera.它逐渐从苏州昆山地区遍布全国各地，成为了从十六世纪到十八世纪末中国影响最大的剧种，受到了士大夫阶层和平民百姓的普遍欢迎。昆曲以清柔委婉的唱腔、优雅细腻的曲调著称。包括京剧在内的很多剧种都是在昆曲的基础上发展而来，因而昆曲素有“百戏之母”的雅称。In2001,KunquwaslistedasoneoftheMasterpiecesoftheOralandIntangibleHeritageofHumanitybyUNESCO.Playsthatcontinuetobefamoustodayinclude:a.ThePeonyPavilionbythemostgiftedplaywrightoftheMingDynasty,TangXianzu,thecontemporaryofWilliamShakespeare,b.FifteenStringsofCopperCoins,byZhuSuchen,c.ThePeachBlossomFanbyKongShangren,d.ThePalaceofEternalYouthbyHongSheng.2001年,昆曲被联合国教科文组织命名为“人类口述和非物质遗产代表作”。现存著名的剧目包括与莎士比亚同时期的明代戏曲大家汤显祖的《牡丹亭》、朱素臣的《十五贯》，孔尚任的《桃花扇》，洪升的《长生殿》，另外还有不少经典的折子戏流传至今。