Induction and Amplification of Non-Newtonian Gravi

1InductionandAmplificationofNon-NewtonianGravitationalFieldsM.Tajmar*AustrianResearchCentersSeibersdorf,A-2444Seibersdorf,AustriaC.J.deMatos†ESA-ESTEC,DirectorateofScientificProgrammes,POBox299,NL-2200AGNoordwijk,TheNetherlandsAbstractOneobtainsaMaxwell-likestructureofgravitationbyapplyingtheweak-fieldapproximationtothewellacceptedtheoryofgeneralrelativityorbyextendingNewton'slawstotime-dependentsystems.Thissplitsgravityintwoparts,namelyagravitoelectricandgravitomagnetic(orcogravitational)one.Bothsolutionsdifferusuallyonlyinthedefinitionofthespeedofpropagation,thelorentzforcelawandtheexpressionofthegravitomagneticpotentialenergy.However,onlybyextendingNewton'slawsweobtainasetofMaxwell-likeequationswhichareperfectlyisomorphictoelectromagnetism.Applyingthistheorytoexplainthemeasuredadvanceofthemercuryperihelionweobtainexactlythesamepredictionasstartingfromgeneralrelativitytheory.Thisisnotpossibleusingtheweak-fieldapproximationapproach.Duetotheobtainedsimilarstructurebetweengravitationandelectromagnetism,onecanexpressonefieldbytheotheroneusingacouplingconstantdependingonthemasstochargeratioofthefieldsource.Thisleadstoequationse.g.ofhowtoobtainnon-Newtoniangravitationalfieldsbytime-varyingmagneticfields.Unfortunatelythecouplingconstantissosmallthatusingpresentdaytechnologyengineeringapplicationsforgravitationusingelectromagneticfieldsareverydifficult.Calculationsofinducedgravitationalfieldsusingstate-of-the-artfusionplasmasreachonlyacceleratorthresholdvaluesforlaboratorytesting.Possibleamplificationmechanismsarementionedintheliteratureandneedtobeexplored.WereviewworkbyHenryWallacesuggestingaveryhighgravitomagneticsusceptibilityofnuclearhalf-spinmaterialaswellascouplingofchargeand*ResearchScientist,SpacePropulsion,Phone:[phone],Fax:[phone],E-mail:[e-mail]†StaffMember,ScienceManagementCommunicationDivision,Phone:[phone],Fax:[phone],E-mail:[e-mail]principleofequivalenceintheweakfieldapproximationtoinducenon-Newtoniangravitationalfieldsandtheinfluenceofelectricchargeonthefreefallofbodiesarealsoinvestigated,leadingtosomeadditionalexperimentalrecommendations.IntroductionThecontrolandmodificationofgravitationalfieldsisadreampursuedbypropulsionengineersandphysicistsaroundtheworld.NASA'sBreakthroughPropulsionPhysicsProjectisfundingexploratoryresearchinthisareatostimulatepossiblebreakthroughsinphysicsthatcoulddrasticallylowercostsforaccesstospace1.Althoughnotcommonlyknown,Einstein'swellacceptedgeneralrelativitytheory,whichdescribesgravitationinourmacroscopicworld,allowsinductionphenomenaofnon-NewtoniangravitationalfieldssimilartoFaradayinductioninelectromagneticfieldsbymovingheavymassesathighvelocities.ThebasisforsuchphenomenaareevendatingbackbeforegeneralrelativitytheorywhenOliverHeaviside2in1893investigatedhowenergyispropagatedinagravitationalfield.SinceenergypropagationinelectromagneticfieldsisdefinedbythePoyntingvector–avectorproductbetweenelectricandmagneticfields–Heavisideproposedagravitationalanaloguetothemagneticfield.Moreoverhepostulatedthatthisenergymustalsobepropagatingatthespeedoflight.AnotherapproachtothemagneticpartofgravityistostartfromNewtoniangravityandaddthenecessarycomponentstoconservemomentumandenergy3.Thisleadstothesamemagneticcomponentandafinitespeedofpropagation,thespeedoflight.Heaviside'sgravitomagneticfieldsarehiddeninEinstein'sTensorequations.Alternatively,generalrelativitytheorycanbewrittenaslinearperturbationsofMinkowskispacetime.Forward4wasthefirsttoshowthattheseperturbationscanberearrangedtoassembleaMaxwell-typestructurewhichsplitsgravitationintoagravitoelectric(classicalNewtoniangravitation)andagravitomagnetic(Heaviside'sprediction)field.ThemagneticeffectsingravitationaremorecommonlyknownastheLense-Thirringorframedraggingeffectdescribingprecisionforcesofrotatingmassesorbitingeachother.NASA’smissionGravityProbeBwilllookforexperimentalevidenceofthiseffect.Similarto3electrodynamics,avariationingravitomagneticfieldsinducesagravitoelectric(non-Newtonian)fieldandhenceprovidesthepossibilitytomodifygravitation.Sincebothgravitationandelectromagnetismhavethesamesource,theparticle,theauthorsrecentlypublishedapaperevaluatingcouplingconstantsbetweenbothfields5basedonthecharge-to-massratioofthesourceparticle.Thispaperwillreviewthecouplingbetweengravitationandelectromagnetismandpointoutthelimitsofpresentdaytechnologyandtheexpectedorderofmagnitudeofnon-Newtoniangravitationalfieldsthatcanbecreatedbythismethod.Possibleamplificationmechanismsuchasferro-gravitomagnetismandmorespeculativeworkpublishedintheliteraturewillbereviewed.Theprincipleofequivalenceinthelimitofweakgravitationalfields(thegravitationalLarmortheorem)willbeexploredandapossibleneweffect(thegravitomagneticBarnetteffect)recentlysuggestedbytheauthorsisdiscussed6.Howeverthedirectdetectionofthiseffectispendingonthepossibilitytohavematerialswithhighgravitomagneticsusceptibility.Neverthelessweshowthattheprincipleofequivalence