关于英语句子成分整理

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句子成分概述:一个句子的各个组成部分,叫做句子成分.句子成分有主语(Subject)、谓语(Predicate)、宾语(Object)表语(Predicative)、定语(Attribute)、状语(Adverbial)、补语(Complement)和同位语(Appositive).句子除了上述几种基本成分外,一些独立成分,如插入语(Parenthesis)、呼语(DirectAddress)和感叹语(Interjection)等.e.g.Sandy,bequick.呼语Oh,myGod!感叹语It’stooexpensive,Ithink.插入语1.主语(1)主语成分主语是句子所叙述的主体,说明句子讲的人或事物.可作主语的有:a.名词ShanghaiisintheeastofChina.Tomworksveryhard.b.代词Iboughtanewbook.Thatisapictureofourschool.Whoknowstheanswer?c.数词Threeplusfourisseven.Thefirstisthebest.d.动词不定式Toseeistobelieve.ItisimportanttolearnEnglish.e.动名词短语Smokingisharmfultothehealth.f.名词化的形容词或分词Theoldshouldberespected.Thedisabledwillreceivemoremoney.g.名词性短语Amanwithabookiscomingtowardsus.h.主语从句Whathesaidisnottrue.(2)形式主语形式主语(FormalSubject)是代词it的一种用法.当句子的主语是动词不定式、动名词短语或从句时,为使句子平衡,一般用it作形式主语放在句首,而将真正的主语当在谓语动词之后.a.It+谓语+动词不定式短语Itisagoodhabittodomorningexercises.Itisdifficultforhimtogiveupsmoking.b.It+谓语+动名词短语(主要用在以nogood/use,useless,worthwhile,dangerous等词作表语的句子中)Itisnouselearningwithoutthinking.Itisdangerousplayingwithfire.c.It+谓语+名词性从句(真正的主语是that引导的名词性从句)Itisapitythatyoudidn’tcometotheparty.Itissaidthatnobodyknowswherehelives.2.谓语谓语用来说明主语的动作或状态,由动词承担,一般放在主语之后.Heisamiddleschoolstudent.Thenewtermwillbeginonthe1stofSeptember.HisnovelhasbeentranslatedintoEnglish.3.宾语(1)宾语成分宾语用来表明动作的对象或结果,是动作的承受者.宾语常用于及物动词之后,称为动词宾语.介词后面的名词或代词,称为介词宾语.a.名词Helosthisparentsinhischildhood.b.代词(人称代词用宾格)Everybodylikesher.c.数词---Howmanychairsdoyouwant?---Iwantfour.d.名词化的形容词和分词Thedoctorisoperatingontheinjured.e.动词不定式短语I’dliketohavesomecoffee.f.动名词短语Ihaven’tfinishedreadingyourbookyet.g.名词性短语或从句Ilikecoffeewithsomesugar.Ithinkyouareright.Note:Ireallydon’tknowwhattodonext.(2)双宾语有些及物动词可以有两个宾语:直接宾语(DirectObject)和间接宾语(IndirectObject),称为双宾语.这两个宾语往往一个指人(一般为间接宾语),另一个指物(一般为直接宾语).间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前.Hegavemeabook.间接宾语直接宾语有时为了强调间接宾语,也可将间接宾语后置,并在其前加上介词to或for.Hegaveabooktome.Heboughtthisbookforme.注意:如果直接宾语是人称代词,则间接宾语必须后置,并在其前加上介词to或for.Here’syourreport.Don’tforgettoshowittoyourparents.(3)复合宾语有些及物动词,除了接一个直接宾语外,还接宾语补足语(ObjectComplement),用来说明宾语的动作、状态或特征.宾语+宾语补足语叫做复合宾语(ComplexObject).其各种形式如下:a.名词或代词宾格+名词HisfathernamedhimJohnny.b.名词或代词宾格+形容词You’llfindourwashing-powderexcellent.c.名词或代词宾格+介词短语Atlast,hefoundhimintrouble.d.名词或代词宾格+分词或动词不定式短语Mumaskedhimtobuysomebread.Icanseesomestudentsplayingbasketball.注意:在let,make,watch,see,hear,feel等词后,接动词不定式作宾补,则须省去不定式符号to.Weheardhimsinginthenextroom.如果复合宾语中的宾语是动词不定式、动名词短语或从句,常用it来代替宾语,将真正的宾语置于宾语补足语之后,it则被称为形式宾语(FormalObject).Wefounditdifficulttosolvethisproblem.形式宾语宾语补足语真正宾语Ithinkitnecessarythatweshouldvoteonit.形式宾语宾语补足语真正宾语4、定语定语的作用是修饰和限定名词或代词.可作定语的有:a.形容词Newtonisafamousscientist.b.名词Let’slistentotheweatherforecastfirst.c.动名词Ourschoolisgoingtobuildaswimmingpool.d.分词短语或动词不定式短语Sheisreadinganinterestingbook.Ihavenopentowritewith.e.介词短语或副词Ihaven’tgotthesolutiontotheproblem.Iusedtoliveintheroomabove.f.从句ThemanwhoiscomingtowardusismyEnglishteacher.5、同位语在一个句子中,一个名词或代词,或相当于名词的短语或从句,放在另一个名词或代词之后,用以说明它的性质或情况,被称为同位语(Appositive).可作同位语的通常有:a.名词Thisismybestfriend,Tom.b.代词Weallgotasurprise.c.数词Thisprizeisforyoutwo.d.从句Ihadnoideathatyouwerehere.6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、方向、程度、方式或伴随情况的句子成分,被称为状语(Adverbial).可充当状语的有:a.副词Whocanwritebeautifully?b.介词短语We’regoingtospendtheholidayattheseaside.c.分词短语Notknowingwhattodo,Idecidedtogiveup.d.动词不定式短语Hismotheroftencomestoseehim.e.名词Pleasecomethisway.f.从句Assoonastheteachercamein,allthestudentsstoodup.7、表语表语(Predicative)是用来说明主语的身份、特征或状态的,一般用在连系动词be,或半系动词如become,look,turn,seem,appear等之后.可充当表语的有:a.名词Hisfatherisateacher.b.代词Thisbookismine.c.形容词或分词短语Theleavesturnyellowinautumn.Theteacherwassatisfiedwithyourwork.Thestoryisveryinteresting.d.数词Oneplusoneistwo.e.动词不定式或动名词短语Myjobislookingafterher.Whatwewanttodonowis(to)liedownandrest.f.副词或介词短语Sorry,myfatherisn’tin.TomisinShanghainow.g.从句Thequestioniswhyweshouldputoffthemeeting.

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