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Lesson14SpeechonHitler’sInvasionoftheU.S.S.R.1/24/2020II.B.QuestionsonStructureandStyle:•1.WhydoesChurchillusehissecretary’saccountofthedaybeforethespeechwasgiven?Churchillquotedhissecretary’saccountofthedaybeforethespeechtogiveamoredetailedbackgroundforthespeech.Heusedthesecretary’saccountofthedaytosupporthisownaccount.1/24/2020•2.WhichpartofthespeechmainlydemonstratesChurchill’sdeterminationtofighttheGermans?Paragraph10andParagraph111/24/2020•3.Doyouthinkthespeechiswellorganized?Howaretheparagraphsrelatedtoeachother?•Yes,thespeechiswellorganized.Thereareclearlogicalrelationsbetweeneachpartofthespeech.Thefirstpart(Paras.8-9)tellsaboutthewhat:crimesoftheNazirégimeingeneralanditsinvasionofRussia;thesecondpart(Paras.10-11)tellsaboutreactiontothewhat,focusingontheBritishgovernment’spolicyandChurchill’sdeterminationtodestroyHitler;1/24/2020•thethirdpart(Paras.12)explainswhyBritainshouldreactthatwayandmakesaconvincinganalysisofHitler’sultimatemotiveininvadingRussia;andthelastpart(Paras.13)isanaturalconclusionandacalltoaction.Thefourpartstogetherformaverysoundandconvincingreasoningprocess.1/24/2020•4.Inseveralplacesthespeakerusesparallelstructures.Pointthemoutandexplaintheireffect.1)IseetheRussiansoldiersstandingonthe…Iseethemguardingtheirhomes…Iseethetenthousandvillages…IseetheGermanbombersandfightersinthesky…(para.8)1)中的六个Isee…构成排比，使德军和苏联的状况形成强烈反差，丘吉尔抓住人类的共同情感，拉近了与听众的距离，也唤起了人们对苏联的同情。1/24/2020•2)Weshallfighthimbyland,weshallfighthimbysea,weshallfighthimintheair…(para.10)•2)中的三个排比句式气势恢宏，显示出丘吉尔打败纳粹的坚定决心•3）Thisisourpolicyandthatisourdeclaration.(para.10)•这里的排比强有力地表明了丘吉尔的立场。1/24/2020•5.Whyisalliterationusedinthespeech?Illustrateyourpointwithexamples.•头韵的使用使文章的节奏感更强，给人留下更深刻的印象。•Example：Iseealsothedull,drilled,docile,brutishmassesoftheHunsoldieryploddingonlikeaswarmofcrawlinglocusts.此句中的dull,drilled和docile都以辅音|d|开头，押头韵，形象描绘出德国士兵那种呆头呆脑，惟命是从的状态1/24/2020•6.Whatotherfiguresofspeechareusedinthespeech?HowareChurchill’soratoricalskillsdemonstratedinthisfamousspeech?•文章还运用了反复、对照、明喻和暗喻等多种修辞手法。正是这些修辞手法的运用，增强了文章的语势和节奏感，丘吉尔的口语技巧使得这个演讲具有说服性和感染力。1/24/2020•7.CommentonChurchill’sdiction.Illustrateyourpointwithexamples.•从语言风格上来讲，文章使用了大量的正式词汇、文学词汇及很多旧式词汇，如devoidof,threshold,immemorial.Soldiery.hearthandhome等，与当时严肃的历史时刻相符合，使演讲既有逻辑性又有感染力。•从句法上讲，使用了大量的复合句，是文章符合当时演讲背景，更好突出了希特勒入侵苏联这一事件的严重性和发表这次演讲的严肃性。1/24/2020•8.HowdoesChurchillendhisspeech?Isitapowerfulending?•Churchillendshisspeechwithaconclusionandanurgentcallforaction.Intheconcludingparagraph,Churchillrepeated“danger”threetimes,addingtotheurgencyofthecurrentcircumstances;thenherepeatedtwice“cause”and“free”，thetwothingsthatpeoplelivingindemocraticcountriescherishverymuch,togiveastrongimpressionthattheyareatstake;1/24/2020thenatlasthecomesnaturallytothecallforaction,convincingpeoplethatbyfightingNaziGermanytheyareactuallysafeguardingtheirowncauseandfreedom.Inthisway,Churchillendshisspeechpowerfully,naturallyandconvincingly.•III.Paraphrase•Explainthefollowingsentencesinyourownwords,bringingoutanyimpliedmeanings:•1.Isupposetheywillberoundedupinhordes.•IthinktheSovietRedArmymenwillbesurroundedandcapturedinverylargenumbers.•2.HitlerwascountingonenlistingcapitalistandRightWingsympathiesinthiscountryandtheU.S.A.•HitlerwashopingthatifheattackedRussia,hewouldgetinBritainandtheU.S.A.thesupportofthosewhowereenemiesofCommunism.1/24/2020•3.WinantsaidthesamewouldbetrueoftheU.S.A.•WinantsaidtheU.S.A.wouldfollowthesamepolicy.•4.IfHitlerinvadedHellIwouldmakeatleastafavorablereferencetotheDevilintheHouseofCommons.•IfHitlerinvadedHell,amosthatedplace,IwouldstillsayawordinfavouroftheDevilintheHouseofCommons.•5.TheNaziregimeisdevoidofallthemeandprincipleexceptappetiteandracialdomination.•TheNaziregimedoesnothaveanyidealorguidingprincipleatall.WhatithasisastrongdesireforconquestandrulebytheAryanrace,theallegedlymostsuperiorraceintheworld.•6.IseetheGermanbombersandfightersinthesky,stillsmartingfrommanyaBritishwhipping,delightedtofindwhattheybelieveisaneasierandasaferprey.•IseetheNaziairforce,thoughstillfeelingupsetandpainfulfromthedefeatintheaerialbattleofEngland,isnowhappybecausetheycanbeattheRussianairforceeasilywithoutheavyloss.1/24/2020•7.Weshallbestrengthenedandnotweakenedindeterminationandinresources.•Weshallbestrengthenedandmoredeterminedandshallmakebetterandfulleruseofourresources.1/24/2020•8.Letusredoubleourexertions,andstrikewithunitedstrengthwhilelifeandpowerremain.•LetusstrengthenourunityandoureffortsinthefightagainstNaziGermanywhenwehavenotyetbeenoverwhelmedandwhenwearestillpowerful.1/24/2020•IV.B.Replacetheitalicizedwordswithsimple,everydaywords:1.Thereonlyremainedthetaskofcomposingit.(preparing,writingdown)2.TheGermans…seemedtobedrivingforwardwithgreatrapidityandviolence.(veryquicklyandviolently)1/24/20203.HitlerwascountingonenlistingcapitalistandRightWingsympathies…(obtaining,getting)4.…herevertedtothistheme…(returned)5.IseetheRussiansoldiersstandingonthethresholdoftheirnativeland…(borders)1/24/20206.IseetheRussiansoldiers…guardingthefields…tilledfromtimeimmemorial(ancienttime)7.Iseethatsmallgr