化工原理蒸馏

Distillation증류蒸溜(1)Prof.HyunsooMoonSchoolofBiological&ChemicalEngineering,YanbianUniversityofScienceandTechnologyContents목차目次1.Introduction:Masstransferoperationsandphaseequilibrium서론序論:물질전달物質傳達操作과상평형相平衡2.Vapor-liquidequilibrium기액평형氣液平衡3.Singlestagedistillation:Flashdistillation1단증류1段蒸溜:플래쉬蒸溜4.Multi-stagedistillation:Rectification(orDistillation)다단증류多段蒸溜:정류精溜(또는증류)Howcanthefollowingmixturesbeseparated?다음의혼합물은어떻게분리될수있는가?•Waterandethanol물과에탄올•Air(oxygen(O2)andnitrogen(N2)gasmixture)공기(산소와질소의기체혼합물)•Naturalgaswithacidgases(산기체들이들어있는천연가스)•Purewaterfromseawater(바닷물로부터먹을수있는물)•Biodieselfrombiodieselreactionmixture(바이오디젤반응혼합물로부터바이오디젤)1.Introduction:Masstransferoperationsandphaseequilibrium서론:물질전달조작과상평형序論:物質傳達操作과相平衡Masstransfer&itsapplications物質傳達과그應用•Process工程:Theconversionoffeedmaterialstoproductsusingphysicalandchemicaloperations(用物理及化学的操作方式把原材料转换成产品的过程)•Unitoperationsandengineeringprinciples單位操作과工學原理–Transportation수송,fluidhandling,andmixing교반:fluidmechanics유체역학–Heating&cooling가열및냉각:heattransfer열전달–Reaction반응:Reactionengineering반응공학–Separation분리(distillation증류,gasabsorption기체흡수,drying건조,membraneseparation막분리,adsorption흡착,extraction추출,leaching침출,crystallization결정화):masstransfer•Masstransferoperationinachemicalprocess화학공정에서의물질전달조작•MasstransferoperationsinabioprocessBiomass생물공정에서의물질전달조작Phaseequilibriumapplications相平衡應用•Applicationsofphaseequilibriumdata:separationequipmentdesign상평형데이터의응용:分離裝置設計–Distillationcolumn,absorptioncolumn:V/Lequilibrium–Extractioncolumn:L/Lequilibrium•Masstransferoperationprinciple물질전달조작원리–Processessuchasdistillation,absorption,andextractionbringphasesofdifferentcompositionintocontact,andwhenthephasesarenotinequilibrium,masstransferbetweenthephasesalterstheircompositions.Boththeextentofchangeandtherateoftransferdependonthedepartureofthesystemfromequilibrium(drivingforce구동력)Masstransferoperationsareapplicationsofphaseequilibriumprinciple물질전달조작은상평형원리의응용이다.Movesuntilequilibrium!평형에도달할때까지이동한다!Thermodynamicequilibrium열역학적평형熱力學적平衡•Equilibriummeansastateofbalance균형상태均衡狀態.Inastateofthermodynamicequilibrium,therearenonet순純flowsofmatterorofenergy,nophasechanges,andnounbalancedpotentials(ordrivingforces),withinthesystem.•Inthermodynamics,athermodynamicsystemisinthermodynamicequilibriumwhenitisinthermalequilibrium열적평형,mechanicalequilibrium기계적평형,phaseequilibrium상평형,andchemicalequilibrium화학적평형.Casesofthermodynamicequilibriums열역학적평형의종류기계적평형(힘이같다)열적평형(온도가같다.)3.Phaseequilibrium상평형(samechemicalpotentialformixtureorsameGibbsenergyforpuresubstancechemicalpotential또는Gibbs에너지가같다.))Phaseequilibriumdiagram상평형다이어그램Aphaseequilibrium-V/Lequilibrium상평형예-기액평형设计换热器:热及物质传递设计流体输送系统:流体力学设计蒸馏塔:热及物质传递化工热力学设计反应器:化学反应工学石油化学工場3DmodelContinuousdistillation연속증류連續蒸溜1.Flashdistillation:single-stagepartialvaporizationwithoutreflux1단증류2.Rectification:multi-stagedistillationwithreflux다단증류Flashdistillation플라쉬증류Rectification정류FlashvesselDistillationtowerdesign2.Vapor/LiquidEquilibrium기액평형氣液平衡François-MarieRaoult(1830-1901)Acrudeoildistillationcolumn기액평형은증류의基礎이다.V/LEquilibriumlinefordistillationcolumndesign•평형에도달할때까지물질이이동하기때문에평형데이터는증류장치설계에기본이다.•일정온도와압력의평형상태에서각상의조성은?VaporLiquidComposition?Composition?Atequilibrium증류탑설계를위한기액평형선꼭기억!X는liquidphase에서의molefraction,y는vaporphase에서의molefractionComposition을구한다는것은각성분의molefraction을구하는것과같다.TxyandPxydiagramsforbinarymixture이성분혼합물二成分混合物•Binarymixture의V/Lequilibrium에대한phasediagram을얻는방법은?실험또는모델식에의한예측*순수한물질의diagram과비교해보라.•ExperimentaldeterminationofVandLcompositions,andseparatortemp.asfunctionoff각상의조성의실험적결정방법Prediction예측豫測ofthediagrams•서로다른수학적방법數學的方法에의한PxydiagrampredictionSimplemodelsforVLE기액평형을위한간단한모델들•ThesimplestareRaoult’slawandHenry’slaw.•Raoult’slaw:–Thevaporphaseisanidealgas(applyforlowtomoderatepressure)–Theliquidphaseisanidealsolution(applywhenthespeciesthatarechemicallysimilar)–Althoughitprovidesarealisticdescriptionofactualbehaviorforasmallclassofsystems,itisvalidforanyspeciespresentatamolefractionapproachingunity,providedthatthevaporphaseisanidealgas.)...,,2,1(NiPxPysatiiiDewpointandBubblepointcalculationwithRaoult’slaw•Fourclassesofdewpointandbubblepointcalculations1.BUBLP:CalculateyiandP,givenxiandT2.BUBLT:CalculateyiandT,givenxiandP3.DEWP:CalculatexiandP,givenyiandT4.DEWT:CalculatexiandT,givenyiandP라울의법칙을이용한혼합물의이슬점과끓는점계산1.BUBLP:CalculateyiandP,givenxiandT2.BUBLT:CalculateyiandT,givenxiandP3.DEWP:CalculatexiandP,givenyiandT4.DEWT:CalculatexiandT,givenyiandP)...,,2,1(NiPxPysatiii1iix)...,,2,1(/1NiPyPisatiiPsat의溫度에관한식利用(iteration이要求됨)1iiyPsat의溫度에관한식利用(iteration이要求됨)PPxysatiiiPPxysatiiisatiiiPPyxsatiiiPPyx1iiy)...,,2,1(NiPxPisatii1iix)...,,2,1(NiPxPisatii)...,,2,1(/1NiPyPisatiiBinarysystemacetonitrile(1)/nitromethane(2)conformscloselytoRaoult’slaw.VaporpressuresforthepurespeciesaregivenbythefollowingAntoineequations:(a)PrepareagraphshowingPvs.x1andPvs.y1foratemperatureof75°C.(b)Prepareagraphshowingtvs.x1andtvs.y1forapressureof70kPa.00.224/47.29452724.14/ln1CtkPaPsat00.209/64.29722043.14/ln2CtkPaPsatExamplefordewpointandbubblepointcalculationwithRaoult’slawDegreeo