On the Nature of Dark Matter and Dark Energy

arXiv:0710.3018v1[physics.gen-ph]16Oct2007OntheNatureofDarkMatterandDarkEnergyYu.A.Baurov1,I.F.Malov21)CentralResearchInstituteofMachineBuilding,141070,Pionerskaya,4,Korolyov,MoscowRegion,Russia;2)P.N.LebedevPhysicalInstitute,RussianAcademyofSciences,117924,Leninskipr.,53,Moscow,Russia.AbstractItisshownthatsomeproblemsconnectedwithdarkmatteranddarkenergycanbesolvedintheframeworkofthebyuontheory.1IntroductionSomehardproblemshaveappearedinastrophysicsduringthelastdozensofyears.Observationsshowthatapproximately3−4%ofthecosmologicalenergydensityisaccountedforbybaryons,25−27%bythedarkmatterandthereminderbythedarkenergy(see,forexample,[1-2]).Therearesomeevidencesfortheexistenceofdarkmatter(DM)anddarkenergy(DE).Hereweenumeratebasiconesonly.1)In1937F.ZwickymeasuredvelocitiesofgalaxiesintheComaclusterandconcludedthatthetotalmassofthisclustermustbemuchmorethanobservableonetopreventtheescapingofinvestigatedgalaxiesfromthecluster.2)Thesummarizedmassoftheobservedgasandgalaxiesinthenumberofclustersisnotenoughtokeeptheminsideofthecluster.3)Thegravitationallensingbyclustersofgalaxiesgivesthemassofsuchlensmuchmorethanobservableone.4)Therotationcurvesofgalaxies[3]showthatthetotalmassoftheindividualgalaxyisapproximatelyoneorderhigherthanthemassofgasandallstarsobservedinthisgalaxy.5)Theobservationsofsupernovaeindistantgalaxies(see,forexample,[4])showthatourUniverseexpanseswithanacceleration,andthereisasourcecausingsuchtypeofexpansion.1Thenatureofdarkmatteranddarkenergyisunknownuptonow.2DarkmatterTheDMisnotobservedasshiningmatterandmusthaveveryweakelec-tromagneticinteractions.Itmustbeapproximatelycollisionlessandnon-relativistic.TheDMisnotprimarilybaryonic.Thecalculatedamountofdeuteriumshouldbemuchsmallerthanobservedoneiftheaveragebaryondensitywasanorderofmagnitudehigherthanthemodernvalue(∼0.3percubicmeter).ThemassintervalforthepossiblecandidatesinDMishuge(from10−22eVto106M⊙≈1072eV).LetusdiscussthemostprobablecandidatesinDM.1)Axions,lightpseudo-scalarbosons[5-6]withmassμeV.m.meV.Theycouldbedetectedbyresonantaxion-photonconversioninamagneticfield[7-8].2)Neutrinos.Somelaboratoryexperimentsandcosmologicalrestrictionsgivethemassintervalforallkindsofneutrinos50meV.Xmν.0.7eV,or0.0005Ωνh20.0076,whereΩν=ρν/ρc,h=H0/100km/sec/Mpc,ρc=3H20/(8πG)isthecriticaldensityoftheUniverse,H0istheHubbleconstant.Super-symmetrictheoriesputbosonsandfermionsincommonmulti-pletes.TheygivesomepossiblecandidatesinDM.3)Thesuper-partnerofthegraviton,gravitinowiththespin3/2[9].4)Neutralinos.Thesearethefourspin1/2Majoranafermionsuper-partnersoftheneutralgaugeandHiggsbosons(χ01−4)[10].TherearealsotwochargedDiracfermionsuper-partnersofchargegaugeandHiggsbosons,charginos(χ±1−2).5)Axinos,aspin1/2partneroftheaxion[11].6)Non-topologicalsolitons,Q-balls[12].7)Ifourfour-dimensionalspace-timeisembeddedinahigherdimen-sionalspace,theKaluza–KleinexcitationsofStandardModelstatesalongtheorthogonaldimensionsmaybeasDMcandidates[13].28)Objectsofmanydimensions(branes)aredescribedinstringtheories.Theirfluctuationshavebeenconsideredasparticles(branons)whichcouldbeDMcandidates[14].9)DMcouldbeanordinarymatterinthemirrorworldwheretheonlycommunicationisgravitational.InthiscaseourUniverseandamirroruniversearetwobranesinahigherdimensionalspace[15].10)Atthelaststagesofinflationgravitationalinteractionscanproducealotofweaklyinteractingmassiveparticleswhichformassscalesof1013GeVcouldaccountforDM[16].11)PrimordialblackholeshavebeenconsideredascandidatesinDMaswell[17].So,asobservationsgive,baryonsprovideapproximately4%ofDM,neu-trinos∼0.3−3%ofit.Therest(20−25%)isanon-baryonicDM.ThenatureofthispartofDMisunclear.Therearemanyproblemswiththeo-reticalfoundationsandexperimentalevidencesoftheexistenceofparticlesmentionedaboveanddescribedincitedpapers.3DarkenergyThenatureofdarkenergyismuchmoreunclearthanthatofDM.Itisnecessaryforittohavetheequationofstateofthefollowingform(see,forexample,[18]):P=wρ(1)wherepispressureandρistheenergydensity.Themostprobablevalueoftheparameterwisapproximately−1,asfollowsfromtheknownobservations.Thisimpliesthattheenergydensityofsuchsubstanceisconstantandcorrespondstotheflatuniverse,i.e.thecurvatureKofthespatialsections(slicesatconstantcosmictime)isequaltozero.DEcausestheaccelerationoftheexpansionofourUniverse.Fig.1showsthesum(solidline)oftwopotentials:Theusual(negative)gravitationalpotentialϕ1(brokenline)causingtheattractionoftwobodiesandpositiveconstantpotentialϕ2givingtherepulsionatlargedistances(rr∗).OneofthepossiblesourcesofDEisquintessence[19],ascalarfieldΦrollingslowlyinapotential.MostquintessencemodelsgiveforsuchscalarfieldsmΦc2∼10−33eV(2)3Inquantumfieldtheorylightscalarfieldsarehardtounderstand.Inanycasethesefieldsgiverisetolong-rangeforceswhichshouldbeobservable,anditissurprisinglywhysuchquintessencefieldhasnotbeendetecteduptonow.TherearemanyproblemswithothermodelsofDE(see,forexample,[18]).InthispaperweshalltrytoexplainDMandDEintheframeworkofthebyuontheory.Firstofallwewilldescribebrieflythefoundationsofthistheory.4Basicaxiomsandhypotheses.Space,time,andphysicalvacuu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