three rhetorical appeals(三种修辞手法)

EnglishRhetoricandWritingTheRhetoricalTriangle&TheRhetoricalAppealsTherhetoricaltriangleWriter(orspeaker)ContextReader(oraudience)TheWriter(speaker,painter,blogger,photographer…)Whoyouare;Whyyouarecompetenttospeakontheissue;andWhereyourauthoritycomesfrom.TheReader(thepeoplethattherhetoraddresses)Whatemotiondoyouwanttoevoke?Fear,trust,loyalty...?Doyouhavesharedvaluesyouwanttodrawon?Howdoyouraudience’sbeliefsfitwithyourmessage?TheContext(thecontentandthecircumstancesofcommunication)HaveIpresentedalogical,well-constructedargument?HowdoIsupportmyclaims?WhatevidencedoIhave?Whatarethecounterarguments?Example:Consideraneverydayproblemofpersuadingothers:youwantsomeonetocloseawindow.e.g.1)CouldIimposebyaskingyoutoclosethatwindow?2)Ifyou’renottoobusyandwouldn’tminddoingmeafavor,I’dsureliketohavethatwindowclosed.3)Pleaseshutthewindow.4)Hey,buddy,shutthatwindow.5)Shutthewindowsrightnow.6)Mustyoualwaysleavethewindowopenlikethat?7)You’dbettershutthatwindow.8)Ifyoudon’tshutthatwindowrightnow,I’llneverspeaktoyouagain.9).Ihopeyouwon’tmindshuttingthewindow.10).Iknowyou’rebusy,butcouldyoupossiblytakethetimetoshutthatwindow?11).Shutthatwindow.12).Fromnowon,Iexpectthatwindowtobekeptclosed.13).Thatwindowneedstobeshut,doesn’tit?14).You’vebeenleavingthewindowopenalittletoomuch,don’tyouthink?15).“It’squitecoldinhere,Jeeves.”“I’llshutthewindows,madam.”Summarize:Thebestwaytosay“Shutthewindow”dependsoncontext–onwhoyourlisteneris,whatyourrelationshipwiththelisteneris,whereyouare,howyouwanttopresentyourself.Rhetoricischoiceinacontext.ThethreepointsontheRhetoricalTrianglerelatedirectlytothethreeclassicappeals.Ethos–Buildingtrustbyestablishingyourcredibilityandauthority(Speaker/Writer)Pathos–Appealingtoemotionbyconnectingwithyouraudiencethroughtheirvaluesandinterests(Audience)Logos–Appealtointelligencewithwell-constructedandclearlyarguedideas(Context).16)Don’tyouthinkitwouldbemorecomfortableinhereifweclosedthatwindow?(persuadebyofferinggoodreasons)17)Sinceourcountryisfacedwithanenergycrisis;weshouldallpitchinandkeepthewindowsclosedtoconserveheat.(persuadebyemotionalappeal)18)Johnny,shutthatwindowimmediately,andthenreturntoyourseat.(persuadebyauthority)TheThreeRhetoricalAppealsEthos,Pathos,andLogosLogos(Greekfor‘word’)meanspersuadingbytheuseofreasoning.Ethos(Greekfor‘character’)meansconvincingbythecharacteroftheauthor.Pathos(Greekfor‘suffering’or‘experience’)meanspersuadingbyappealingtothereader'semotions.AuthorandEthosForAristotle,thewriters'ethosmeantthedegreeofcredibilityortrustworthinessthatauthorsestablishwiththeaudiencethroughtheirwriting.Throughtone,anauthor'scharacterandattitudetowardhis/heraudienceandsubjectbecomescleartotheaudience:thisformsthebasisoftheauthor'sethicalappeal.TwokindsofethosInventedEthosSituatedEthosInventedethosdevelopsinthediscoursebythetoneandattitudethespeaker/writertakestowardhisaudienceandsubject.Situatedethosrelieslargelyonthespeaker’spre-existingreputation.BillClinton’sethicalcharacterandpersonalcharacterDennisRodmanMichaelJordanethosGoodsenseGoodcharacterGoodwillExample:theChecker’sSpeechBackgroundofCheckers’SpeechIn1952,EisenhowerchoseayoungsenatorfromCalifornianamedRichardNixonashisvicepresidentialrunningmate.Bylatesummer,asanumberofnewspapersbeganchargingthatNixonhadbeentherecipientofanillegalslushfund(收买基金，贿赂基金),EisenhowerconsidereddroppingNixonfromtheticket.NixonpersuadedEisenhowertolethimappearonTV,whichin1952wasfairlynew,toexplainhisfinancialdealingsoverhislifetimeandintheprocessexonerate(证明无罪;使...免罪)himself.Excerpt:theChecker’sSpeechIwasbornin1913.OurfamilywasoneofmodestcircumstancesandmostofmyearlylifewasspentinastoreoutinEastWhittier.Itwasagrocerystore--oneofthosefamilyenterprises.Theonlyreasonwewereabletomakeitgowasbecausemymotheranddadhadfiveboysandweallworkedinthestore.Iworkedmywaythroughcollegeandtoagreatextentthroughlawschool.Andthen,in1940,probablythebestthingthateverhappenedtomehappened,ImarriedPat--whoissittingoverhere.Wehadaratherdifficulttimeafterweweremarried,likesomanyoftheyoungcoupleswhomaybelisteningtous.Ipracticedlaw;shecontinuedtoteachschool.Thenin1942Iwentintotheservice.Letmesaythatmyservicerecordwasnotaparticularlyunusualone.IwenttotheSouthPacific.IguessI'mentitledtoacoupleofbattlestars.IgotacoupleoflettersofcommendationbutIwasjusttherewhenthebombswerefallingandthenIreturned.IreturnedtotheUnitedStatesandin1946IranfortheCongress.JackieJoyner-KerseeIalwaysknewIcouldrunfast,butwithoutMr.Fennoy,IwouldhaveneverknowIcouldrunsofar.---Jackie.Joyce-KerseeOurhomewasonPiggottstreet,acrossfromaliquorstoreandapollhall.Butitwasalsoneararecreationcenter,whereMr.Fennoywasavolunteer.EventhoughIwastooyoung,Ihadnootherplacetogo,soMr.Fennoyletmecometothecenterandrun.SoonIcouldcatchtheoldergirls,andsoonafterthatIwaspassingthem.NionFnnoygaveayounggirlnamedJackieaplacetoplay.Buttodaymanykidsaren’tgiventhatchance.Youcanhelpgiveachildtheopportunitytoplay.Tolearnnow,pleasecall1-800-929-play.EstablishEthosinacademicessaysFollowingM.L.A/A.P.A.formatCitingreliablesourcesUsingIor