美国STEM课程Touchdown 宇宙飞船着陆

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Touchdown飞船着陆STEM课程TouchdownLesson•ThisSTEMlessoncouldcomebeforeorduringascienceunitofstudyaboutGravity,Shock-Absorbing,andAirResistance.本节STEM课可以出现在科学学科中关于重力、减震和空气阻力的单元的最初或中间教学时。•Lessonobjectiveistoengagestudentsinactivatingpriorknowledgeorcheckingforunderstandingaboutgravity,shockabsorbingandairresistance.课程目标:回顾先备知识或检查学生对主要概念的理解。•Studentsareingroupsoffourtofacilitatecommunicationandcollaboration.•学生将以4人小组形式进行合作与沟通。ActivityDetails活动介绍•Subject:Science,EngineeringandMath涉及科目:科学,工程和数学•GradeLevels:4-5年级:4-5年级•NextGenerationScienceStandards:3-5-ETS1-2美国新一代科学标准:3-5-ETS1-2Engage:MissiontoMars活动内容:火星任务Didyouknow…Withinthenexttenyears,wemayhavepeoplelivingonMars.Wouldyougo?你知道吗?在未来十年内,有人可能会去火星生活,你愿意去火星吗?Landingonaplanetistricky.Sinceaspacecraftcangoasfastas18,000milesperhour(29,000kmperhour),itneedstobeabletoslowdownasitapproachesit’starget.Thenitneedstolandgently.Ifthereareastronautsonboard,thespacecraftneedstokeepthemsafe.宇宙飞船着陆是一件很艰巨的任务。试想,飞行器的运行速度高达18,000英里每小时(29,000千米每小时),飞行器接近目标时,速度需要放缓,着陆要缓慢,如果飞行器上有宇航员,还要考虑人的安全因素。KeyConcepts主要概念Understandandusethesekeyconceptswhenbrainstormingthechallengewithyourteam:当你们小组针对这个具有挑战性的任务进行头脑风暴时,要理解和应用以下几个主要概念:•AirResistance空气阻力•Force力•Gravity重力•Motion运动•Shock-Absorbing减震AirResistance空气阻力Airexertsaforceonanobjectasitfalls,slowingitdown.当物体下落时,会遇到空气产生的力,下落速度减慢。GravityispushinghimtowardsEarth,whileAirResistancepushesupwardagainsthim,slowinghisrateoffall.重力作用使他向地面下落,这时空气阻力与重力成反方向,使下落速度变缓。Force力Aforceisapushorpulluponanobjectresultingfromtheobject‘sinteractionwithanotherobject.当一个物体接触另一个物体时,产生推或拉的力。Wecreateforcewhenwepushagainsteachothershands.当我们双手合十,互推时,即产生力。Gravity重力Theforcethatattractsabodytowardthecenteroftheearth,ortowardanyotherphysicalobject.重力是吸引物体朝地心方向或朝其他物体运动的力。Whentheapplefallsfromthetree,Gravitypullsittowardstheearth.Ifwedidn’thaveGravity,wewouldallfloatandsowouldtheapple.当苹果从树上掉落,重力将它吸引到地面。如果没有重力,所有物体,包括苹果,都将是漂浮的。Motion运动Achangeinpositionofanobjectwithrespecttotime.随着时间的改变,一个物体位置发生改变的过程称为运动。YoumayhaveheardofNewton’sFirstLawofMotion.Itstateswhensomethingisinmotion,itstaysinmotion,untilaforceslowsitdownorstopsit.你可能听过牛顿第一运动定律,任何物体都要保持匀速直线运动或静止状态,直到外力迫使它改变运动状态为止。ShockAbsorber减震器Adeviceforabsorbingtheenergyofsuddenimpulsesorshocksinmachineryorstructures.减震器是一种装置,用来吸收机械中或其他结构中产生的震动或脉冲。Thinkbacktotheapplefallingfromthetree.Gravityispullingtheappletowardsearth.Theappleisinmotionuntiltheforceoftheearthstopsit.Itwillmostlikelybebruisedbecausetherewasnothingtoabsorbtheforceofthefall.试想苹果从树上掉落,重力使它下落,苹果持续下落的运动,直到落地停止。大多数苹果在落地时会撞伤,因为没有外界因素减少或吸收它着陆的力。IntroducetheChallenge挑战WhenwefindalandingspotonMars,weneedtodesignandbuildaspacecraftthatcanlandtherewithoutinjuringastronautsordamagingthespacecraft.Yourmodelspacecraftwillbethiscup.Insideyourcupwillbethreepompomswhichrepresenttheastronautsonboard.Watchwhathappensaswedropthespacecraftinit’scurrentdesignmodel.假设我们现在已经选好宇宙飞船在火星的着陆点,现在大家的任务是设计一个宇宙飞船,它能安全着陆,保证着陆时宇航员的安全和宇宙飞船本身没有损伤。今天,大家的宇宙飞船模型用杯子替代,杯子内部的三个绒球玩具代表宇航员。现在大家观察一下现有模型的着陆现象。IntroducetheChallenge挑战Yourchallengetodayistoimprovethedesignmodelofyourspacecraftsothatitwilllandsafelyandprotectyourastronautswhendroppedonthefloor.Asyoutestyourspacecraft,you’llfindwaystomakeitbetter.Improvingdesignbasedontestingiscalledtheengineeringdesignprocess.Usingthisprocesswillhelpyoubetterunderstandandapplythekeyconcepts.今天要挑战的活动内容是改装现有的宇宙飞船,让宇宙飞船安全着陆,并且保证宇航员的安全。在测试过程中,尝试不同的方法改进着陆过程。反复测试并改进的过程称之为工程设计过程,这个环节能帮助你理解并应用涉及的主要概念。Materials材料•Usethetapeandmaterialsprovidedinyourteambagtodesignandimproveyourspacecraft.用材料袋里的素材和胶带设计、改进你的宇宙飞船。•Eachteamhasabudgetof$1,720,500.00todesigntheirspacecraft.YouwillbechargedforALLmaterialsthatareusedinyourtestsandfinalspacecraft.(nochargefortape)每个小组有$1,720,500.00(¥11,183,250.00)的预算。预算用于购买测试过程中所需要的材料。(胶带免费提供)•Youmaynotcoverorsecureyourastronautsinsidethecups.不允许通过将“宇航员”密封在纸杯中的方式防止他不掉落。•Theyarnmaynotbeusedtobuildyourmodelspacecraft,itwillbeusedfortesting.纱线不能用于制作宇宙飞船模型,它稍后将用于测算高度。Brainstorm,DesignandBuild头脑风暴,设计和建造模型•Keepinmind…Whenyoujumpoffahighstep,youbendyourbackandkneestoabsorbsomeoftheenergyandbreakyourfall.牢记,当你起跳时,你会弯曲后背和膝盖,用于承受部分能量,使着陆更缓慢。•Whatkindofshockabsorbercanyoumake,tosoftenthelandingandprotectyourthreeastronauts,usingthematerialsprovided?为了让着陆缓慢,保护宇航员的安全,运用所给材料,你能设计哪种类型的减震器?•Howwillyoumakesurethespacecraftdoesn’ttipoverasitfallsthroughtheairorwhenitlands?你如何改进设计,才能保证宇宙飞船在空中下落,却不翻倒。Test测试Whenyouarefinishedcreatingyourmodelspacecraft:当你制作完成宇宙飞船模型,需要进行以下步骤:•Listthematerialsyourteamusedandhowmuchyouhavespentsofarinthedesignofyourspacecraft.列出设计模型使用的材料,计算目前的总花费。•Dropyourspacecraftfromtheheightoftheyarninyourbag,fivetimes,anddocumentonyourrecordingsheet.将纱线拉直,以便作为测试的高度,宇宙飞船从指定高度下落,测试五次,然后在纸上记录数据。EvaluateandRedesign评估与重新设计•Asateam,discusswhatworkedwell,andwhatmayneedtoberedesigned.以小组为单位讨论哪些设计是有效的,哪部分需要重新设计与改善。•Forexample,ifyourspacecraft:比如说,你的宇宙飞船:•Tipsoverasitfallsthroughtheair–makesureit’slevelwhenyoureleaseit.Checkthattheweightisevenlydistributed.Considerusingalargerbase.下落过程中翻倒—检查释放宇宙飞船时是否水平,检查内部重力是否分布均匀,考虑扩大宇宙飞船底部。•Bouncesyourastronautsoutofthecup–addso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