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Glossary2015Page2of57TKTGLOSSARYOFENGLISHLANGUAGETEACHING(ELT)TERMINOLOGYThewordsinthisglossaryareinalphabeticalorderandareforalltheTKTmodules.Candidatespreparingforanyonemoduleshouldmakesurethattheyarefamiliarwithallthewordsandphrasesintheglossary.CandidatesforallmodulesarealsoexpectedtobefamiliarwiththeCambridgeEnglish:Preliminary(PET)VocabularyList.ThewordsandphrasesincludedintheTKTGlossaryarenotintendedtoprovideafullorcompletelistofEnglishlanguageteachingterminology.Thisglossaryincludeswordsandphrasesforteachingknowledgeconnectedtolanguage,languageuseandthebackgroundtoandpracticeoflanguageteachingandlearningasassessedinTKT.Wordswhichareinboldareexplainedintheglossary.TermsincludedintheAppendixareforuseinTKT:KAL(KnowledgeAboutLanguage)only.AseparateglossaryisavailableforcandidatespreparingforTKT:CLIL(ContentandLanguageIntegratedLearning).AbbreviationnounAshortformofawordorphrase;e.g.inaddresses,RdisanabbreviationofRoad.Seecontraction.AbstractadjectiveConnectedtothoughtsandideasratherthanrealobjects,situationsoractions.Atextcanbeabstractandweuseabstractwordstoexpressthingslikethoughts(e.g.believe),feelings(e.g.love)orideas(e.g.beauty).Wordsforthingsthatcannotbeseenortouchedareabstractwords.Seeconcrete.AcademicadjectiveThingswhichareconnectedwitheducationorconnectedwithstudyinginschools,collegesoruniversities.Forexample,inschool,mathsisanacademicsubject;playingfootballisnot.Accessverb,accessibleadjective(material)Tobeabletofindandtousematerialsforlessons.Forexample,teacherscanaccessmaterialssuchasgamesandsongsfromtheinternet.Materialswhichareeasytofindandtouseareaccessible.AccuracynounTheabilitytodosomethingwithoutmakingmistakes.Accuracyistheuseofcorrectformsofgrammar,vocabulary,spellingandpronunciation.Inanaccuracyactivity,teachersandlearnersusuallyfocusonusingandproducinglanguagecorrectly.Seefluency.Achievementnoun,achieveverb,achievableadjectiveSomethingyousucceedindoingusuallybymakinganeffort;somethingdonesuccessfully,e.g.Sarahworkedhardandpassedherexam.Thiswasanachievement.Somethingwhichisachievableforlearnersissomethingtheycansucceedin.Achievementtest:seetest.AcknowledgeverbToshowthatyouhaveseenorunderstoodsomething,e.g.theteacheracknowledgedthelearner’sanswerbylookingathimandsaying‘Yes’.Acquireverb,acquisitionnoun(languageacquisition)Tolearnalanguagewithoutstudyingit,justbyhearingand/orreadingitandthenusingit.Thisisthewaypeopleusuallylearntheirfirstlanguage.Seeexposure,pickup(language).ActionrhymenounAclassroomactivityusedmostlywithyounglearnerswhichincludeswordsandsentenceswhichendinthesamesound.Forexample‘One,two,three,touchyourknee.’Learnerssaytherhymeandperformtheactions.SeeListenanddo/make/draw.Page3of57ActivatepreviousknowledgephraseTogetlearnerstothinkaboutandtosaywhattheyknowaboutatopic.Teachersactivatelearners’previousknowledgewhentheyarepreparinglearnerstoreadorlistentoatext.Forexample,ateachercouldpreparelearnersforatextaboutcookingbyaskinglearnerswhatkindoffoodtheycancook.Researchhasshownthatwhenlearners’previousknowledgeisactivated,readingandlisteningcomprehensionisincreased.Seearouse/generate/stimulateinterest.ActiverolephraseTakingpartandbeinginvolvedandinterestedinsomething.Whenlearnersthinkabouttheirownlearningandwhattheirownneedsareandtrytodothingsthemselvestolearnmore,theyaretakinganactiveroleintheirlearning.Seepassiverole.ActivevoicenounInEnglishgrammar,thereareactiveformsandpassiveforms.Inanactivesentence,thesubjectofthesentencedoestheaction,e.g.activevoice:Thecaptain(thesubject)scoredthewinninggoal.Thepassivevoicewouldbe:Thewinninggoalwasscoredbythecaptain.Seepassivevoice.Activity-basedlearningnounAnapproachtolearningbydoingactivitiesandfocusingontheactivityratherthanfocusingongrammarandvocabulary.Learnersdoanactivityingroups;e.g.theysolveaproblem,draworpaintapictureormakeorbuildsomething.Therulesoflanguageusedintheactivityarelookedateitheraftertheactivityornotatall.Anactivity-basedlearningapproachismorecommonwithschool-agedchildren.Activitybook:seebook.Adaptverb(material)Tochangeatextorothermaterial,sothatitissuitabletousewithaparticularclass.Forexample,ateacherthinksatextinhis/hercoursebookistoolongand/ortoodifficultforhis/herlearners.He/sheadaptsthematerialbyremovingsomeofthemoredifficultparagraphs.AdjectivenounAnadjectivedescribesorgivesmoreinformationaboutanounorpronoun,e.g.acoldday.Acomparativeadjectivecomparestwothings,e.g.Heistallerthansheis.Ademonstrativeadjectiveshowswhethersomethingisnearorfarfromthespeaker,e.g.this(near)bookisinteresting,thatwindow(notnear)isopen.An–ing/–edadjectivedescribesthingsorfeelings.An–ingadjectivedescribesthingsorpeople,e.g.Thebookisveryinteresting.An–edadjectivedescribesfeelings,e.g.Iamveryinterestedinthebook.Apossessiveadjectiveshowswhosomethingbelongsto,e.g.It’smybook.Asuperlativeadjectivecomparesmorethantwothings,e.g.Heisthetallestboyintheclass.AdverbnounAnadverbdescribesorgivesmoreinformationabouthow,when,where,howmuchorhowwellsomethingisdone,e.g.heworkedquicklyandwell.Affixnounandverb,affixationnounAletterorlettersaddedtothebeginningo