The history of African-American

Hello，AmericaOnSeptember1,2009GertrudeBaines（格特鲁德·贝恩斯）115yearsold——theoldestAfrican-AmericanFather:JordanMother:AmeliaAmyGertrudeBainesEarliestmemory:acarridetoCanada.daughter:Annabelle,(bornin1909,whodiedoftyphoidfeverattheageof18.)GertrudeBainesLivingplace•Hartford,Connecticut.•Ohio•California.•JeffersonPark,LosAngelesPoliticsBainesvotedforBarackObamaforU.S.Presidentinthe2008election.TheonlyothertimeshevotedinaPresidentialelectionwasin1960forJohnF.Kennedy.Life•sheenjoyedsimplepleasuresofeatingadietofbaconandeggsandblack-eyedpeas,andwatchedshowslikeThePriceIsRightandJerrySpringer.•Whenaskedtowhatshecreditedherlongevity,Bainesanswered:God.AskHim...Itookgoodcareofmyself,thewayHewantedmeto.Shealsosaid,No,Ididn'teverthinkI'dlivethislong.LifeofAfrican-Americans(WhenIwasyoung…)OriginofAfro-American•BlacksweresoldtoEuropeanorAmericaasslavesbyslavetrader•TriangularTrade•Manyblackpeoplediedduringthetransportation•Blackslavesweretheslaveowner'sprivateproperty,andweretreatedasanimalsduingtheAmericawarofindependence,callforslavery'sabolition.butaftherthewar,accoringtothenewU.Sconstitution,eachslaveasthree-fifthsofaperson.DuingtheAmericawarofindependenceDuringthecivilwar•duringthecivilwarLincolnabolishedslavery.blackswerefreedHoweverblacksarenottobeaffordequalrights·Blacksweredeniedthepoliticalright.·blackssufferfromsegregation.·blackssufferracialdiscrimination.·therestrictionsofmarriages.LifeofAfrican-Americans(WhenIwasmiddle-aged…)Therearemanychangeswhicharebeingundergoneduringtheperiod1925-1960especiallyin1945-1955whichhadanimpactonattitudestoAfricanAmericansandaffectedlegislationandtheireconomicopportunities.AfricanAmericans’Situations’duringthePeriod1945-1955EconomicOpportunitiesThebreakthroughcasewhichbeganthemovementforfurthereconomicopportunitieswasthe1948ShelleyvKraemercasewheretheSupremeCourtruledagainst“restrictivecovenant”.EducationBetween1945through1955,concerningeducation,AmericawasseeminglymovingforwardsandopportunitiesforAfricanAmericanswerecertainlygreaterinnumberthaninpreviousyears.VotingRightsFederalsupportforthecivilrightsmovementwasshownasTrumanrevealedhis“Securetheserights”in1947whichdidinfacthavealargeimpactandwasabreakthroughasnothingofitskindhadbeenundertakeninthepast.SocialConditionsLivingintheoldconfederatestates(particularlythedeepsouth)during1945-1955,AfricanAmericanscouldneverbeconsideredas1stclasscitizensandalthoughprogressismadethesegregationanddiscriminationcanonlybedescribedassecondrate.LifeofAfrican-Americans(WhenIwasold…)CivilRightsMovementin1960sAmovementintheUnitedStatesaimedatoutlawingracialdiscriminationagainstAfrican-Americansandrestoringvotingrightstothem.Movementwascharacterizedbycampaignsofcivilresistance(non-violentresistance)ThefamousleaderoftheCivilRightsMovementwasMartinLutherKingJr.JesseJackson(杰西·杰克逊)CandidatefortheDemocraticpresidentialnominationin1984and1988U.S.SenatorfortheDistrictofColumbiafrom1991to1997ThehostofBothSideswithJesseJacksononCNNfrom1992to2000.ColinLutherPowell(科林•卢瑟•鲍威尔)Four-stargeneralintheUnitedStatesArmyThefirstAfrican-AmericantoserveontheJointChiefsofStaff(1989–1993)ThefirstAfricanAmericantoserveasthe65thUnitedStatesSecretaryofState(2001-2005)BarackObama(贝拉克·奥巴马)The44thandcurrentPresidentoftheUnitedStates迈克尔·乔丹（MichaelJordan)（bornin1963）Thebestbasketballplayersintheworld泰拉·班克斯（TyraBanks）Supermodel,“oneofthemostbeautifulwomanintheworld”in1994and1996,spokesmodelofAmericantopbrabrand-Victoria‘sSecret(维多利亚的秘密)奥普拉·温弗瑞(OprahWinfrey)bestknownforhermulti-award-winningtalkshow，oneofthemostinfluentialblackwomenintheworld迈克尔·杰克逊（MichaelJackson）（1958-2009）calledKingofPopAfrican-Americansinger-songwriter,actor,musician,dancer,andbusinessmanAmericanDream(inthefuture…)ThetermwasfirstusedbyJamesTruslowAdamsinhisbookTheEpicofAmericawhichwaswrittenin1931.Hestates:TheAmericanDreamisthatdreamofalandinwhichlifeshouldbebetterandricherandfullerforeveryone,withopportunityforeachaccordingtoabilityorachievement.theUnitedStatesDeclarationofIndependence,ourfoundingfathers:…heldcertaintruthstobeself-evident,thatallMenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienableRights,thatamongthesearelife,LibertyandthePursuitofHappiness.ThomasWolfesaid,…toeveryman,regardlessofhisbirth,hisshining,goldenopportunity….therighttolive,towork,tobehimself,andtobecomewhateverthinghismanhoodandhisvisioncancombinetomakehim.Ihaveadream-MartinLutherkingIhaveadreamthatmyfourchildrenwillonedayliveinanationwheretheywillnotbejudgedbythecoloriftheirskinbutbythecontentoftheircharacter.Beingablackmanmanagedtoreachincredibleheightsofpowerandfame.HehasraisedthesubjectoftheDreamalotoftimesinthespeechesandinhistwobooks:“DreamsfromMyFather”and“TheAudacityofHope”.HeunderlinesthefactthattheDreamisoneofthemeansthatunitestheAmericansasthey“wantthesedreamsformorethanthemselves–theywantthemforeachother.”Atpresentpeoplepayspecialattentiontopoorpubliceducationandracialdiscrimination–thetwofactsthatpreventtheAmericannationfromfulfillingtheirdreams.Americansalsobegintothinknotonlyabouttheirsocialstatus