美国文学史及选读(上册)

TheLiteratureofColonialAmericaHistoricalIntroduction1.colonialsettlement(1607-1776)In1492,ChristopherColumbusdiscoveredAmericaandhemistookthenativepeopleonthenewcontinentforIndians.2.characterofcolonialliteraturea.content:religious,politicalb.form:diary,journal,letters,travelbooks,sermons,history(personalliterature)c.style:simple.direct,concised.outofhumbleoriginsThefirstAmericanwriterCaptainJohnSmithTheGeneralHistoryofVirginiaEarlyNewEnglandLiterature1.NewEngland:sixstatesinNorth-eastofAmerica:Maine,NewHampshire,Vermont(佛蒙特),Massachusetts,RhodeIsland,Connecticut.2.WilliamBradfordTheHistoryofPlymouthPlantationJohnWinthropTheHistoryofNewEnglandPuritanThoughts1.God’schosenpeopleTheyweremeanttoreestablishacommonwealth,basedontheteachingsoftheBible,restorethelostparadiseandbuildthewildernessintoanewGardenofEden.2.JohnCalvina.predestinationb.originalsinandtotaldepravityc.thesalvationofaselectedfew3.practical,optimistic，idealistic4.adoctrinaireopportunist(教条主义的机会主义者)5.AmericanPuritanscameunderviolentattacksfortheirkilljoywayoflife,religiousintolerance（宗教偏狭）,bigotry（偏执）andausterity（苦修、禁欲）.6.AmericanPuritanismandChineseConfucianism7.JonathanEdwards,BenjaminFranklinJohnCottonandRogerWilliamsAnneBradstreetandEdwardTaylortheInfluenceofPuritanismtoAmericanLiteratureTheoptimisticPuritanhasexertedagreatinfluenceonAmericanliterature.TheAmericanPuritan’smetaphoricalmodeofperceptionwaschieflyimportantincallingintobeingaliterarysymbolismwhichisdistinctlyAmerican.WithregardtotechniqueonenaturallythinksofthesimplicitywhichcharacterizesthePuritanstyleofwriting.BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790)ManofActionBenjaminFranklin(1706-1790)A.Status:oneofthegreatestfoundingfathersoftheAmericanNationararegeniusinhumanhistoryJackofalltrades:essayist,autobiographicalwriter,printer,scientist,postmaster,almanacmaker,orator,statesman,philosopher,politicaleconomist,ambassador,almosteverythingB.LifeandCareer(EarlyYears):1.CalvinistbackgroundinBoston2.Candle-maker’sfamily–“poorandobscure”3.LittleformaleducationSelf-taughtandself-made4.ApprenticetohishalfbrotherArunawayboyfromBostontoPhiladelphiatomakehisownfortune5.Asuccessfulprinterwhoretiredat426.HefoundedthePennsylvaniaHospital,theUniversityofPennsylvania,theAmericanPhilosophicalSociety（美国哲学学会）,asubscriptionlibrary（订阅图书馆）.7.Heinventedamusicalinstrumentcalledglassharmonica,theeffectivestreetlighting,theFranklinstove,bifocalglasses（双光眼镜）,efficientheatingsystem,andlightning-rod（避雷针）forwhichhewaspraisedas“thenewPrometheuswhohadstolenfirefromheaven”.8.AmemberofthePennsylvaniaAssembly（议会）TheDeputyPostmaster-General（邮政大臣）forthecoloniesRepresentativeofthecoloniesinLondonfor18years;MinistertoFrance;MinistertoSwedenAdelegatetotheContinentalCongress（美国国会）9.MemberoftheCommitteeofFivetodrafttheDeclarationofIndependence10.AmembertodraftthedocumentsthatcreatedtheUnitedStates:theDeclarationofIndependence,thetreatyofalliancewithFrance,theconstitution（宪法）.C.HisMajorWritings:PoorRichard’sAlmanac1.Time:almostaquarterofcentury2.Content:Literarypiecessuchaspoemsandessays,agoodmanyadages（格言）,commonsensewitticisms（妙语、俏皮话）3.Sources:heborrowedthemfromfamouswriterssuchas,Defoe,SwiftandPopeandtriedtosimplifythesequotations4.Examples:Famoussayingssuchas“Losttimeisneverfoundagain”,“Godhelpthemthathelpthemselves”,“Fishandvisitorsstinkinthreedays”（客人和鱼一样做久了就臭了）,etc..5.Function:practical,instructive,andamusingTheAutobiographyofBenjaminFranklin1.Nature:Probablythefirstofitskindinliterature.Asimpleyetfascinatingrecordofaman’ssuccess.AfaithfulaccountofthecolorfulcareerofAmerica’sfirstself-mademan.2.Structure:Thebookconsistsoffourparts,writtenatdifferenttimes.Franklinwas65whenhebegantowrite.3.Content:(a)Puritanism:ItisfirstofallaPuritandocument,arecordofself-examinationandself-improvement.(b)Enlightenment:Itembodiestheneworderofthe18thcenturyEnlightenment.(OrderandModeration节制)1.TEMPERANCE.2.SILENCE.3.ORDER.4.RESOLUTION.5.FRUGALITY.6.INDUSTRY.7.SINCERITY.8.JUSTICE.9.MODERATION.10.CLEANLINESS.11.TRANQUILLITY.12.CHASTITY.13.HUMILITY.4.Style:ThisworkiswritteninthepatternofPuritansimplicity,directness,andconcision.Themostsalientfeaturesaresuchastheplainnessofitsstyle,thehomeliness（朴实）ofimagery,thesimplicityofdiction,syntax,andexpression.5.Tone:OptimismTheAmericandreambeganwiththesettlementoftheAmericancontinent–thepromisedland–theGardenofEden–optimisticaboutthefutureTheLiteratureofReasonandRevolutionThomasPaine1737-1809CommonSenseAmericanCrisisRightsofManTheAgeofReasonThomasPaineBorninBritain,January291737SelftaughtImmigratedtoAmerica1774InvolvedinAmericanpoliticallife“Ioffernothingmorethansimplefacts,plainarguments,andcommonsense,”ArguedstronglyforCOMPLETEAmericanIndependence,NotjustfreedomfromBritishTaxationThomasJefferson1743-1826TheDeclarationofIndependenceMajorevents1.mainwriterofTheDeclarationofIndependence2.writerofthelawforreligiousfreedominVirginiafounderofVirginiaUniversitythethirdpresidentofAmericapurchaseLouisianaPhilipFreneau1752-1832“FatherofAmericanPoetry”◆Heisthemostimportantp