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段自力嘉兴学院外国语学院Lecture2:ComparisonbetweenChineseandEnglish•Majorpoints:•I.Parataxis（意合）vs.Hypotaxis（形合）:•II.NounDominanceofEnglishvs.VerbDominanceofChinese•III.I.Bamboo-likesentenceStructureVSTree-likeSentenceStructure段自力嘉兴学院外国语学院I.Parataxis（意合）vs.Hypotaxis（形合）•1.Definition:•形合指句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段（如关联词）连接起来，表达语法意义和逻辑意义。•Hypotaxismeansthattherelationorconnectionbetweenwordsandsentencesiscarriedoutbymeansofformaldevices.Formaldevicesincludetheuseofprepositions,pronouns,conjunctions,andarticles;tense,voice,mood,subjectandverbagreement;reference,substitution,ellipsis,repetition.•英语造句主要采用形合法（hypotaxis）。如：Ishalldespairifyoudon’tcome.•意合指的是词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段连接，句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语和分句的含义表达。•Parataxismeansthattheconnectionorrelationbetweenwordsandsentencesiscarriedoutbymeansofthelogicalrelationoftheirmeaningsinsteadofformaldevices（形式手段）.•汉语句子主要采用意合法（parataxis）。如：知彼知己，百战不殆。段自力嘉兴学院外国语学院2.英语的形合法•英语造句常用各种形式手段连接词语、短语、分句或从句，注重句子形式和结构完整。英语句中的连接手段和形式数量大，种类多，使用频繁：•1、关系词。•关系词包括关系代词、关系副词、连接代词和连接副词，如：who,whom,that,which,what,when,where,why,how,however等，用来主句和定语从句、主语从句宾语从句或表语从句。•2、连接词包括并列连词和从属连词•3、介词•4、其他连接手段，如词缀变化，动词、名词、代词、形容词、副词的形态变化（如性、数、格、体、语态、语气、比较级、人称等）。Example:段自力嘉兴学院外国语学院形合法:example•Thereisnothingmoredisappointingtoahostesswhohasgonetoalotoftroubleorexpensethantohaveherguestsointerestedintalkingpoliticsorbusinesswithherhusbandthathefailstonoticetheflavorofthecoffee,thelightnessofthecake,ortheattractivenessofthehouse,whichmaybeherchiefinterestandpride.•最令女主人失望的是，她花了许多心神或费用来招待客人，可是这位客人只顾津津有味地与她的丈夫谈政治、谈生意，却没注意到香喷喷的咖啡，松软的蛋糕，或房间内讲究的陈设，而这些却可能是她感兴趣并引以自豪的主要所在。段自力嘉兴学院外国语学院3.汉语的意合法•汉语造句少用甚至不用形式连接手段，注重逻辑关系和事理的先后顺序，注重意义，注重以神统形，如汗流浃背，就地取材，玩物丧志，酒醉智昏，不进则退等。•汉语没有英语所常用的那些关系代词、关系副词、连接代词和连接副词；介词数量少。汉语没有形态变化，代词也用得较少，总之，尽量省去一切不必要的形式装置，词语之间的关系常在不言之中，语法意义和逻辑联系常常隐含在字里行间。汉语的意合往往采用以下手段：•1、语序。•汉语的许多主从复句，虽然不用关联词，形式类似并列复句，但分句含义却有主有次。从句若在前，一般有“因为”、“如果”、“虽然”、“即使”等含义，但是大多数不用关联词。E.g.•人不犯我，我不犯人。•Wewillnotattackunlessweareattacked.段自力嘉兴学院外国语学院汉语的意合法•2、反复、排比、对偶对照等句式。这些句式词句整齐、匀称，往往不用关联词。•不知苦中苦，哪知甜中甜？•Ifyouhavenevertastedthebitternessofall,howcanyouknowthesweetnessofhoney?•3、紧缩句（由复句紧缩而成）•有饭大家吃。•Leteverybodysharethefoodifthereisany.段自力嘉兴学院外国语学院II.NounDominanceofEnglishvs.VerbDominanceofChinese•A.Difference:•Infact,EnglishisalanguagedominatedbyNouns,whereasChineseisalanguagedominatedbyverbs.•B.analysis:•1.Intheory,Englishisamorphologicallanguage,soitssentencehasasubjectandapredicate.ItseemsthatEnglishiscenteredroundthepredicate.However,asEnglishdevelopsfromasyntheticlanguagetoananalyticallanguage,thewordendingshavebecomelessthanbefore.Therearelimitationstotheuseofverbs.Onthecontrary,therearelittlelimitationstotheuseofnouns,thusthenounsarewidelyandflexiblyusedinEnglish.Consequently,Propositionsareusedinalargenumber.•2.Chineseisasemanticlanguage,andithasnomorphologicalchanges.Therearenolimitationstotheuseofverbs.Accordingly,verbsareusedflexibly.•C.Examples:Thisdifferenceisbestillustratedinthefollowing:•BusinessasUsual•EmployeesOnly段自力嘉兴学院外国语学院C.Application•1.ConversioninE-Ctranslation:SomenounsandprepositionsverbsinChinese.•2.InC-Etranslation:•a.determinationofthemainverbandtheminorverbsintheChinesesentence.•b.intranslating,themajorverbpredicateinEnglishandtheminoronesv-ing,v-ed,todoandprep.phrase段自力嘉兴学院外国语学院D.Sentenceexamples(1)•1.Thereisacryingneedforaremedy.•现在急需提出补救办法。•2.Thesmellofwildflowerscametousonthelightbreezethatwasblowing.•野花的芬芳乘着轻风向我们扑来。•3.你得喝几口水，把药丸吞下去。•Youhavetowashthepilldownwithsipsofwater•4.Thecomputerisafarmorecarefulandindustriousinspectorthanhumanbeings.•计算机比人检查得更细心、更勤快。段自力嘉兴学院外国语学院D.Sentenceexamples(2)•5.IthasbeendiscoveredthatthemostcommoncharacteristicofoutstandingsuccessisanextensiveknowledgeoftheexactmeaningofEnglishwords.•人们发现，获得杰出成就的一个共同点就是大量而准确地掌握英语词汇。•6.各国社会制度不同，但不应妨碍彼此接近和相互合作。•Differencesbetweenthesocialsystemsofstatesshallnotbeanobstacletotheirapproachesandcooperation.•7.Bowell’sfirstpledgetoBushwas,“Mr.President,youhavemysupportandmyloyalty.”•鲍威尔一开始就对布什保证说：“总统先生，我支持您，并效忠于您。”段自力嘉兴学院外国语学院E.passageexample:TheDreamer•WhenIwasNineyearsoldlivinginasmalltowninNorthCarolina,Ifoundanadforsellinggreetingcardsinthebackofachildren’smagazine.Itoldtomyself,Icandothis,Ibeggedmymothertoletmesendforthekit.Twoweekslaterwhenthekitarrived,Irippedoffthebrownpaperwrapper,grabbedthecardsanddashedfromthehouse.Threehourslater,Ireturnedhomewithnocardandapocketfullofmoneyproclaiming,“Mama,allthepeoplecouldn’twaittobuymycards!”Asalespersonwasborn.•WhenIwas12yearsold,myfathertookmetoseeZigZiegler.IremembersittinginthatdarkauditoriumlisteningtoMr.Zieglerraiseeveryone’sminduptotheceiling.IlefttherefeelinglikeIcoulddoanything.Whenwegottothecar,Iturnedtomyfatherandsaid,“Dad,Iwanttomakepeoplefeellikethat.”MyfatheraskedmewhatIwant.“IwanttobeamotivationalspeakerjustlikeMr.Ziegler,”Ireplied.Adreamwasborn.段自力嘉兴学院外国语学院TheDreamer(continued)•Recently,Ibeganpursuingmydreamofmotivatingother.Afterafour-yearrelationshipwithamajorFortune100companybeginningasasalestrainerandendingasaregionalsalesmanager,Ileftthecompanyattheheightofmycareer.ManypeoplewereastonishedthatIwouldleaveafterearni