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CultureandTranslation——ForeignizationandDomestication1.Culturalelementsintranslation2.Strategiesintranslation(foreignizationanddomestication)3.Elementsaffectingtranslationstrategy(acasestudy)4.Translationmethods(undertheguidanceoftranslationstrategy)inspecifictypes(idiomsandbrandnames)Coloursblackcoffeewhitecoffeeblacklistwhitelist黑咖啡白咖啡？黑名单白名单？1.Culturalelementsintranslationblackelist:alistofpersonsororganizationsthathaveincurreddisapprovalorsuspicionoraretobeboycottedorotherwisepenalized.黑名单：引起不满或怀疑，意在被消灭或惩罚的个人或组织的名单whitelist:alistofpeopleororganizationsconsideredworthyofapprovaloracceptance.白名单：被认为值得赞同、批准或接收的人或组织机构的名单Ifaspamfilterkeepsawhitelist,mailfromthelistede-mailaddresses,domains,and/orIPaddresswillalwaysbeallowed.Colours红茶红糖青一块紫一块她眼圈红了。blackteablackandblueHereyesbecamemoist.brownsugarbluejokesgreen-eyed蓝色笑话？黄色笑话眼绿？眼红Animal落汤鸡adrowned____蠢得像猪asstupidasa______拦路虎a____intheway吹牛talk______牛饮drinklikea_____害群之马ablack______ratgooselionhorsefishsheepHewassofondoftalkingthathiscolleaguesnicknamedhimmagpie.他太唠叨了，同事们给他起了个“麻雀”的外号。Theswimmingpoolwaspackedlikesardines.游泳池挤得简直像芝麻酱煮饺子。Fruit&VegetableHe’sgotaverybigmouth,abananaandapairofblackeyes.Youcangetthiswonderfulcoatfor497potatoes.他嘴巴大大的，长着一个鹰钩鼻，一双乌黑发亮的眼睛。花497美元，你就可以得到这件漂亮的大衣。DailythingsA:Whyistheriverrich?B:Becauseithastwobanks.甲：为什么说河流是富裕的呢？乙：因为它有两个银行啊！甲：为什么说河流是富裕的呢？乙：因为它年年有鱼（余）啊！DailyLifeDaughter:Mom,Ineedtogo!Mom:Mrs.Doubtfire,couldyou…Daughter:No.Mom,you!女儿：妈妈我想______。妈妈：道特范尔太太，你能不能……女儿：不。妈妈，我要你陪我去。上厕所去那儿2.StrategiesintranslationCulturalgapsbetweenthesourcelanguage(SL)andthetargetlanguage(TL)havealwaysturnedouttobeahardnutfortranslatorstocrack.Foreignization&Domestication)Foreignization（异化）:SLculture-oriented(译文应尽量去适应、照顾源语文化及原作者的遣词用字习惯。)Domestication（归化）:TLculture-oriented（译文应尽量去适应、照顾目的语的文化习惯，为读者着想，替读者扫除语言文化障碍。）Foreignization:atermusedbyVenuti(1995)todesignatethetypeoftranslationinwhichaTTisproducedwhichdeliberatelybreakstargetconventionsbyretainingsomethingoftheforeignness.--DictionaryofTranslationsStudiesDomestication:atermusedbyVenutitodescribethetranslationstrategyinwhichatransparent,fluentstyleisadoptedinordertominimizethestrangenessoftheforeigntextforTLreaders.--DictionaryofTranslationsStudiesRepresentativeforForeignization:LawrenceVenuti（韦努蒂）;鲁迅a.towidenreaders’knowledgeofforeignculture;b.tobelieveinreaders’intelligenceandimaginationtounderstandtheexoticwordsandculture;c.toenrichtheTLexpressionsandculture牛市熊市thebullmarketthebearmarketRepresentativeforDomestication:EugeneNida（奈达）；林纾，严复a.tofacilitateunderstandingb.tokeeptheSLpurity韦努蒂在其《译者的隐形》(TheTranslator’sInvisibility)中提出的“异化论”；他对19世纪德国学者施莱尔马赫（Schleiermacher）提出的两种翻译方法进行的阐述，为提出自己的观点所做的铺垫。Venuti,Lawrence.TheTranslator’sInvisibility:AHistoryofTranslation.LondonandNewYork:Routedge,1995:19.“Thereareonlytwodifferentmethodsoftranslation.Eitherthetranslatorleavestheauthorinpeaceasmuchaspossible,andmovesthereadertowardshim;orheleavesthereaderinpeaceasmuchaspossible,andmovestheauthortowardshim.”施莱尔马赫提出只有两种翻译方法：一、译者尽量不打扰作者，而让读者向作者靠拢；二、译者尽量不打扰读者，而让作者向读者靠拢但施莱尔马赫并没有为他的这两种方法命名，所谓“归化翻译”和“异化翻译”的标签是韦努蒂在他的阐释中贴上去的。Example-1:Theygivethemselvesawayeverytimetheyopentheirmouths.(BernardShaw:Pygmalion)可是每回一张嘴就露出马脚来了。（杨宪益《卖花女》）givethemselvesaway“露馅儿”或“暴露身份”——domesticationExample-2:真是‘天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福’。（曹雪芹《红楼梦》156）“Truly,‘Stormsgatherwithoutwarninginnature,andbadluckbefallsmenovernight’……”(Yang:ADreamofRedMansions155)——foreignization“Iknow‘theweatherandhumanlifearebothunpredictable.’”(Hawkes:TheStoryoftheStone231)——domesticationExample-3:至于才子佳人等书，……（曹雪芹《红楼梦》5）Asforbooksofthebeauty-and-talentedtype…(Yang:ADreamofRedMansions4)——foreignizationAndthe“boudoirromance”…(Hawkes:TheStoryoftheStone50)——domesticationPractice:1.IwonderwhetherheisaTrojanHorse.我不知道他是否是匹特洛伊木马。我不知道他是否是个内奸。Whenthehostgavesomepicturestothem,theydidn’trealizethattheywerereceivingamodernTrojanHorse:microphonesandradiotransmitterswerehidden.主人送给他们一幅画时，他们根本不知道那幅画是他们的祸患：画里藏有话筒和无线电发射装置2.ThegoalkeeperistheheelofAchilles.那守门员太弱是致命的缺陷。那守门员如同阿基里斯的脚跟，是该队的致命缺陷。（注：阿基里斯是荷马史诗中的希腊英雄，传说除踵不外，全身刀枪不入，后因脚跟受伤而死）3.“Getout,don’tshedcrocodiletearstome,youknowyouaregladthey’remetwithmisfortune.”滚出去！别在我面前掉你那鳄鱼的眼泪，你自己清楚，你分明是幸灾乐祸。滚出去！别在我面前猫哭耗子假慈悲（假仁假义），你自己清楚，你分明是幸灾乐祸。Practice4.南方候车室，北方候车室(signsinNanjingrailwaystation)SouthWaitingHall,NorthWaitingHallSouthboundOnly,NorthboundOnly5.老弱病残孕专座(onbus)Seatsfortheelderly,sick,disabledandpregnantwomenCourtesySeats(礼貌优待座)